American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences
American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences is an open access peer reviewed journal. The journal is double blind peer reviewed. The journal publishes the research in the field of humanities, social sciences and law. ISSN (E): 2832-8019 JIF 2024: 9.445
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LOGISTICS COOPERATION BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND CHINA
This article provides an economic analysis of the Republic of Uzbekistan's cooperation with the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation in logistics. The study examines the development of existing transport corridors and logistics infrastructure, their impact on foreign trade turnover, and the significance of this cooperation for the national economy. It also highlights opportunities to increase export potential, strengthen the competitiveness of domestic products, and reduce their costs by improving the logistics system.
Logistics, transport corridor, foreign trade, China, Russia, cooperation, infrastructure, economic efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ROLE OF THE HEAD OF STATE ACCORDING TO THE (2005) CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
According to the 2005 Iraqi Constitution, the President of the Republic plays a highly important and complex role, given his active and influential role in achieving political stability within the system of government, a role theoretically supported by the constitutional document, In practical terms, its role is demonstrated through the political agreements that occur between political blocs and parties, which are both important and challenging Due to what is happening on the political scene following the parliamentary elections for the House of Representatives, especially what occurred after the last elections in 2021, which effectively obstructed the election of the President of the Republic, this stands as an obstacle to achieving the desired stability
Constitution, Iraqi Constitution, Parliament, Parliamentary System, President of the Republic, Criminal Responsibility.
IMPROVING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR EMERGENCY SITUATIONS IS A PRESSING ISSUE OF THE TIME
This article is devoted to the legal and regulatory documents adopted in our country to protect the population and territories from emergency situations, their socio-historical significance, and their role in the sustainable development of society.
Social development, natural phenomena, emergencies, protection, legal framework, international treaties, international law, man-made, natural, accidents and disasters.
DEVELOPMENT OF MUSEUM WORK AND CULTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION PROCESSES IN THE KASHKADARYA REGION IN THE 1950–1980 YEARS
The article analyzes the stages of restoration and development of museum work in the Kashkadarya region during the 1950s–1980s. It highlights the postwar transformations in museum activities, the policy of centralization, and the processes of reorganization. The study reveals the scientific and educational functions of museums and their role in shaping public consciousness. The research is based on archival materials and official reports. The revival of the Kashkadarya museum marked a new stage in the cultural life of the region.
Kashkadarya, museum work, cultural heritage, local history museum, centralization, cultural policy, exhibit, restoration, spiritual life, archival sources.
BULLING IN THE LABOR COLLECTIVE AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM OF SOCIETY
In this article, we have examined and analyzed one of the common types of bullying bullying within the labor collective. Its victims are usually competent, responsible, and balanced employees who are fully dedicated to their professional activities. The main goal of aggressors in such situations is to displace a person from the collective and force them to leave.
Bullying, victim, harassment, pressure, injustice, bullying.
ORGANIZATIONAL SKILL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MENTAL COMPOSURE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF MIDDLE SCHOOL FEMALE STUDENTS IN THE SUBJECT OF ARABIC LANGUAGE
The current study aims to identify the relationship between organizational excellence and mental resilience of Arabic language teachers in the academic achievement of Arabic language among middle school female students. The study community consists of all Arabic language teachers working in middle schools within the jurisdiction of the Directorate General of Education in Misan for the academic year 2023 - 2024, with a total of (36) middle schools in this directorate. The study sample was randomly selected from the middle schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Misan, and the sample size consisted of (100) male and female teachers of Arabic language at the middle school level, distributed as follows: (50) male teachers and (50) female teachers. As for the students, they were chosen at a rate of (5) students for each teacher, making the total number of students (500). The researcher prepared her research tools: an organizational skill scale (20 items), an Arabic language achievement test (40 items), and a mental agility test (20 items), and the validity and reliability of each were established. The researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS22) to analyze the data collected after applying her research tools, and the results showed: The level of proficiency in the Arabic language curriculum is below the required standard, and their students' achievement is higher than the hypothetical average. The level of mental stability is below the minimum level that should be possessed by second-grade middle school students. The researcher has recommended a number of recommendations and proposals.
NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA ON SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS
This article explores the role of national identity and the influence of mass media on social consciousness. It emphasizes that media plays a crucial part in shaping perceptions of national uniqueness by presenting historical figures and events in various interpretations, which may either strengthen intercultural harmony or provoke conflicts. The article also examines how migration, multiculturalism, and globalization impact national identity in the global media landscape. Through examples from films, news outlets, and documentaries, it highlights that media representations of national and religious identities can often lead to social tensions. In conclusion, national and cultural identity is described as a cultural rather than biological phenomenon, with media bearing significant responsibility for its formation and preservation.
National identity, mass media, social consciousness, national identity, historical figure, event, interethnic relations, multiculturalism, globalization.
JURISDICTION IN OUTER SPACE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
This research aims to clarify the principles governing the exploration and utilization of outer space, emphasizing the role of international law, particularly international criminal law, in addressing crimes committed beyond Earth whether aboard spacecraft, the International Space Station, or in outer space generally. It examines relevant international treaties governing outer space activities, evaluates their strengths and ambiguities, and highlights deficiencies in their provisions. Furthermore, the study analyzes traditional principles of state criminal jurisdiction territoriality, nationality, universality, and protection and assesses their applicability to offenses committed in outer space.
Outer space; Criminal jurisdiction; space law; International Space Station.
TEAMWORK AND SERVICE QUALITY DELIVERY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL
This study examined the relationship between team work and service quality delivery in the medical sector at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Specifically, the study tested how trust, cohesiveness, and spirit de corps, relate to service quality delivery in the medical sector. This descriptive survey study obtained primary data from 80 service personnel at the teaching hospital with a standardised questionnaire using a 4-point Likert scale. Cronbach's Alpha was used to evaluate the tool's dependability, and a threshold of 0.7 was determined to ensure internal consistency. To analyse the data, the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) coefficient was used; SPSS version 22 was deployed to enable the inferential statistics. The findings indicate a positive and significant relationship between the three aspects of trust, cohesiveness, and spirit de corps and service quality delivery. This study concludes that structured interventions that develop and sustain effective teamwork dynamics to achieve sustainable service quality improvements is needed in organisations. It was recommended that UPTH should regularly organize team-building activities and workshops to enhance trust, cohesion, and spirit de corps among employees among others.
Teamwork, Team Cohesion. Team Trust. Spirit de Corps, UPTH. Service Quality.
MOHAMMED OTHMAN AL SAYID AND HIS POLITICAL ROLE IN LIBYA DURING THE ROYAL ERA )1952 -1969)
The current study investigates one of the modern political persons in Libya and one of the important aspects in the Libyan history is the Royal era. It was full of inner crises, issues, and conflicts. In addition, the Arab and international changes that happened at that time. Libya became a kingdom after the declaration of its independence in 195. It witnessed a number of changes, events, and developments where its beginning was in the rule regime which became royal and was accompanied with the succession of the ministries until the coup and converting to the republican regime. This study deals with the life of Muhammed Othman AlSayid and his political role in Libya. He had an active role in the history of Libya because he became the Prime Minister during a period full of external and internal political developments. His political role started with refusing the French domination. He played a major role in the mobilization the public opinion against the French domination and their attempt to annex Fezan. Furthermore, he became a member of the Committee of Twenty-One, whose mission was to write a constitution draft for Libya, which consisted of 12 chapters within 213 items. He determined the form and regime of government. He stipulated the independence and sovereignty of Libya under a hereditary monarchy, which is named (the United Kingdom of Libya). He also held a position in the Advisory Council. He was appointed as Minister of Health in the first interim Libyan government headed by Mahmoud Al-Muntasir, where he entered a set of laws that improved the deteriorating health situation. Also, he was appointed as the Prime Minister. The most important achievement of his ministry was to amend the constitution and to transform the federal regime into a unitary regime. King Idris was convinced that the time had come to change it, so he asked AlSayid to undertake the task of transforming the regime. AlSayid also entered some changes to the items of the Libyan Constitution. He also regulated the relationship between oil companies and the Libyan government. He supported the Algerian revolution that erupted against the French domination. He announced his resignation on March 19, 1963.
Mohammed Othman AlSayid, Committee of Twenty-One, Constituent Assembly, Kingdom of Libya, Libyan Unionist System
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE IN CONDENSED MILK PRODUCTION
This article examines the importance of environmental safety and efficient resource utilization in condensed milk production. It highlights the challenges faced by the dairy industry regarding energy consumption, water use, waste management, and sustainability. The essay discusses strategies for improving production efficiency while minimizing environmental impact, including the adoption of modern technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable supply chain practices. The role of policy, industry standards, and corporate responsibility in promoting eco-friendly dairy production is also analyzed.
Condensed milk, environmental safety, resource efficiency, sustainability, dairy industry, energy conservation, waste management.
INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES IN OUR COUNTRY BASED ON WORLD EXPERIENCE
In Uzbekistan, many types of activities are involved in conducting research on the theories, formation and opportunities of innovative development in ensuring the growth of the national economy. This article presents a number of practical examples of developed countries forming their national innovation systems and taking high places in the global innovation index.
Global innovation index, innovative development, national innovation system, economic system, new technologies.
THE ROLE OF UZBEK NATIONAL VALUES IN URBAN AESTHETICS
This article explores the integration of Uzbek national values into the aesthetic formation of urban environments. The study analyzes how traditional cultural elements, architectural patterns, and historical heritage influence modern urban planning in Uzbekistan. The research highlights the balance between modernization and cultural continuity, emphasizing how national identity shapes aesthetic perception and the sustainability of urban design.
Uzbek national values, urban aesthetics, architecture and culture, traditional design, modern city planning, cultural heritage, identity in architecture, urban development, harmony and proportion, sustainable urban design.
URBAN AESTHETICS: THE HARMONY OF FUNCTION, CULTURE, AND BEAUTY IN CITY DESIGN
Urban aesthetics explores how cities express beauty, harmony, and identity through spatial organization, architecture, and cultural symbolism. The field examines the intersection of art, functionality, and human experience within the urban environment. This paper investigates the theoretical foundations of urban aesthetics, traces its historical evolution, analyzes key principles of design, and discusses contemporary challenges. By studying exemplary cities worldwide, the article reveals how aesthetic values shape human well-being, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability in urban planning.
Urban aesthetics; city design; architectural harmony; visual identity; cultural heritage; sustainable urbanism; public space; human-centered design; environmental psychology; aesthetic principles; urban landscape; sense of place; urban form; historical development; contemporary challenges; aesthetic perception; green infrastructure; modern architecture; civic art; urban identity.
TRADUCCION DE EXPRESIONES COLOQUIALES DEL ESPANOL AL ARABE EN LA SERIE LA CASA DE PAPEL (UN ESTUDIO ANALITICO)
This research examines the translation of colloquial expressions from Spanish into Arabic in the first season of the popular television series Money Heist, one of the most notable audiovisual works in contemporary Spanish. The study focuses on analyzing and translating culturally and socially charged expressions and exploring the strategies used to preserve their expressive and semantic power. Using a qualitative approach, colloquial expressions were identified and classified, including insults, idiomatic expressions, and vulgar expressions. Their translations were subsequently analyzed, both in the dubbed and translated versions, focusing on techniques such as functional equivalence, euphemism, cultural adaptation, and ellipsis. This paper offers a critical perspective on the importance of maintaining the vernacular in audiovisual translation. It proposes practical recommendations for translators who struggle to convey culturally charged expressions between two languages that differ in structure and style.
Colloquial expressions, translation, analysis.
ISSUES OF SOCIAL PROTECTION AND LABOR INVOLVEMENT OF DISABLED WORLD WAR II VICTIMS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UZBEKISTAN)
This article discusses the issues of social protection and employment of disabled people of World War II using the example of Uzbekistan. It analyzes the procedures for assigning benefits by disability groups, the legal significance of the pension certificate, and forms of material assistance provided by the state. It also extensively examines the system of retraining, employment, and social benefits for disabled people. Based on practical experience in the Kashkadarya region, mechanisms for supporting disabled people and their families are highlighted. The study reveals the economic and moral significance of the system of employing disabled people in ensuring the stability of society during the war.
World War II, disabled people of war, social protection, pension certificate, material assistance, employment, retraining courses, state policy, Kashkadarya region, social stability.
THE MECHANISMS OF OVERSIGHT ON GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS IN IRAQ ANDITS IMPACT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
The research aims to study the regulatory framework governing governmental contracts by analyzing the different levels of oversight: legislative (the Council of Representatives andits specialized committees), executive (ministries andcontracting authorities), judicial (courts andadministrative judicial bodies), andindependent bodies (the Federal Board of Supreme Audit andthe Integrity Commission), in addition to societal andmedia oversight. The study also reviews the applicable laws andregulations, such as the Government Contracts Implementation Instructions No. (2) of 2014, andcompares them with international standards in the field of governance andtransparency. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, based on a review of legal andeconomic literature, as well as an analysis of reports from the Federal Board of Supreme Audit andthe Integrity Commission, in addition to case studies of some stalled public projects. The study concludes that the multiplicity of oversight bodies contributes to uncovering violations andenhancing transparency, but at the same time creates institutional overlap andexcessive bureaucracy, which slow down contracting andimplementation procedures. It also shows that weak political will, lack of technical expertise in oversight bodies, andthe failure to activate preventive oversight constitute major obstacles to achieving effective control. The research recommends restructuring the oversight system on an integrative rather than competitive basis, activating preventive oversight through digitalization andthe introduction of electronic contract management systems, strengthening the independence of oversight bodies from political influence, developing the capacities of their staff, andinvolving civil society organizations andthe media as active actors in societal oversight to ensure the quality andeffectiveness of public project implementation.
Contracts Governmental, Censorship Finance, body Integrity, Diwan Censorship Finance, Corruption Administrative, Governance, Projects public, Censorship Legislative, Censorship Executive, Censorship Judicial
This article examines the position of proper names in the language and their difference from common names since ancient times. Attempts at theoretically grounded problems and their solutions are considered.
Proper name, calculus, common names, nickname, term.
EVALUATION SUITE FOR UZBEK SPEECH AND BILINGUAL TRANSLATION AT SCALE
In this article we present a reproducible evaluation suite for Uzbek speech and bilingual translation at scale. It unifies ASR, TTS, MT, and speech-to-text evaluation across Latin/Cyrillic scripts, dialectal variation, and code-switching. We provide task-specific metrics, error taxonomies and human protocols, and we report baseline scores and reliability to support fair, longitudinal benchmarking.
Uzbek ASR, bilingual translation, evaluation metrics, code-switching, Latin/Cyrillic, SacreBLEU, chrF, COMET.
ROBUST UZBEK ASR AND TTS FOR DIALECTAL AND NOISY SETTINGS
In this article we present a unified recipe for robust Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Text-to-Speech (TTS) for Uzbek under dialectal variation, code-switching, and real-world noise. We combine self-supervised pretraining, dialect-aware lexicons, multi-script text normalization, targeted augmentation, and test-time adaptation. On simulated and field recordings, the ASR reduces WER by large margins; the TTS maintains naturalness and intelligibility across accents and SNRs.
Uzbek ASR, TTS, dialect robustness, self-supervised pretraining, code-switching, noise augmentation, multi-script normalization, test-time adaptation.
THE CAUSES AND FACTORS OF THE CRISIS AND OCCUPATION OF THE KOKAND KHANATE
This article explores the political instability and internal conflicts that led to the decline and eventual occupation of the Kokand Khanate by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. The text highlights a series of internal power struggles and assassinations following the death of Alimkhan in 1810, which created a volatile environment. Subsequent rulers, including Umarkhan, Muhammad Alikhan, and Sheralikhan, made attempts to consolidate power and expand the khanate's territory, yet their reigns were plagued by court intrigues and rebellions. The article details the devastating impact of these conflicts, particularly the intervention of the Bukhara Emirate and the rise of the Kipchak aristocracy under figures like Musulmonqul. This internal chaos significantly weakened the khanate, leaving it vulnerable to the expanding Russian Empire. The text concludes by describing the final Russian advance, the suppression of popular uprisings such as the Po'latkhan Rebellion, and the ultimate annexation of the territory, which was transformed into the Fergana.
Kokand Khanate, Russian Occupation, Internal Conflict, Political Instability, Alimkhan, Umarkhan, Muhammad Alikhan, Fergana.
THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN THE NOVEL CHRONICLE OF A DEATH FORETOLD- ANALYTICAL STUDY
This research analyzes the use of the subjunctive mood in Gabriel García Márquez's novel "Chronicle of a Death Foretold" from a semantic and rhetorical perspective. It examines how this mood contributes to creating atmospheres of doubt, subjectivity, and inevitability, reflecting the emotional and moral complexity of the characters. Through the analysis of representative passages from the novel, multiple linguistic functions are identified, such as the expression of desire, doubt, supposition, judgment, and unreality. This work draws on linguistic and literary sources and aims to make a valuable contribution to both discourse analysis and the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language.
STRATEGIC FORESIGHT AND POLICY AGILITY: NAVIGATING COMPLEXITY AND UNCERTAINTY IN THE ERA OF POLY-CRISIS
The acceleration of global poly-crisis, including pandemics and climate shocks, geopolitical volatility and technological disruption, has demonstrated that time-consuming, traditional strategic planning and fixed, hierarchical governance structures do not scale. This theoretical article presents the argument that sustainable advantage and resilience in such turbulent environments requires the merger of two capacities that tend to be separated: strategic foresight and policy agility. With reference to theories of dynamic capabilities, complex adaptive systems and anticipatory governance, we formulate the Foresight-Agility Nexus Model, a model demonstrating how real-time policy implementation can be combined with long-term anticipation of possible futures. Some of the mechanisms that can be highlighted through the model include feedback loops, learning process and foresight-based action that can help organizations and government anticipate and adapt towards uncertainty. By connecting foresight and agility, we propose that decision-makers can also drive innovation, legitimacy, and resilience, thus being able to avoid short-termism and paralysis associated with volatility. The paper makes contributions to the field of strategic management and policy in that it presents an integrative framework that reconstitutes the future as not a horizon to be predicted into a future as an unfolding landscape to be continuously engaged. The consequence of the findings is the recommendation to scholars, policymakers, as well as to business strategists to develop their foresight capabilities, institutionalize their ways of agile governance, and build their hybrid strategies that can be more focused on exploration or exploitation in specific cases. Future research sites are suggested to empirically examine and develop the nexus model within other policy areas and the various organisational settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oloda Oluwatayo Felix https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE PLACE OF SHAMS TABRIZI’S PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT
This article examines the philosophical views of Shams Tabrizi and their significance within the broader context of Islamic intellectual and philosophical thought. As a spiritual guide and mentor to Jalal al-Din Rumi, Shams played a crucial role in shaping mystical-philosophical perspectives that bridged metaphysics, ethics, and the inner dimensions of faith. His reflections on the relationship between the soul, love, and divine truth not only influenced Sufi philosophy but also contributed to the development of Islamic philosophical discourse by emphasizing the unity of existence and the transformative power of spiritual experience. The study highlights how Shams Tabrizi’s teachings continue to inspire contemporary interpretations of Islamic philosophy and spirituality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Odinayev Mahmud Ahmadovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN YENAGOA, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA
The study investigated organisational culture and employees’ performance of deposit money banks in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria using four objectives. This study employs a descriptive survey research design and utilizes a quantitative research method by distributing an online questionnaire through the use of Google Form.
Core values, Employee efficiency, Employee learning, Organisational culture, Work behaviour.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SHAPING THE FUTURE OF CREATIVE WRITING AND LITERATURE
This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on literature and human intellect. It highlights the positive contributions of AI in improving accessibility, translation, writing, and literary analysis. However, it also addresses concerns about the diminishing of human creativity, emotional connection, reading habits, and critical thinking. The paper examines how AI’s influence may affect the transmission of cultural heritage and intellectual engagement. Ultimately, it stresses the importance of finding a balance between leveraging AI’s advantages and preserving human qualities in literature and intellectual pursuits.
SOCIAL SHYNESS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO POOR CLASSROOM PARTICIPATION IN FEMALE SECONDARY STUDENTS
and preparatory female students of Al-Kawthar Girls' High School in Qurna District, Basra, and revealing the relationship between social shyness and the level of participation. To achieve these aims, a measure of social shyness has been developed based on Zimbardo's (1977) theory of social shyness, taking into account certain components of the theory, including the psychological component, the physiological component, the cognitive component, and the emotional component. Therefore, the scale in its final form included 22 items across the components. Alternative replies have been assigned five options: always apply - often apply - sometimes apply - rarely apply - never apply. Scores were given between (5-1), thus ranging from a total scale score (110-22) to a hypothetical average score of (66). The final application procedure for the scale was conducted on 100 respondents from 24/10/2023 to 30/10/2023. The how-to-answer instructions and the research aims were explained. The required data on social shyness and class participation were obtained from the respondents in collaboration with the distinguished school administration. After obtaining a class participation score for the sample and statistically processing data using Spearman's correlation coefficient and T-test, the study found that after achieving the first aim, which is uncovering the level of social shyness, the mean and standard deviation were used. The mean is (84), the standard deviation is (6.3), and the hypothetical mean is (66). Using the T-test equation on the respondents' replies, the calculated T-test value was 0.0077 and the tabulated T-test value was 1.96. To achieve the second aim, which is revealing the relationship between social shyness and female students' participation, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to calculate female students' grades on the scale of social shyness and their degrees in difficult participation. The correlation coefficient amounted to (0.0077), which means that there is a correlation between social shyness and class participation and that shyness negatively affects class participation. Additionally, data analysis found that 60% of female students show a lower class participation due to social shyness.
Social Shyness, Relationship, Classroom, Participation, secondary Students,
THE EFFECT OF THE DYNAMIC TRANSFORMATION STRATEGY OF IDEAS ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SECOND-GRADE MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN BIOLOGY AND THEIR MENTAL CREATIVITY
This research aims to identify the effect of the dynamic transformation strategy of ideas on the achievement of second-grade middle school students in biology and their mental creativity. The research was applied to second-grade middle school students in Algeria Middle School for Boys affiliated with the Diwaniyah Education Directorate/Center, which was intentionally chosen to represent a field of experimentation. The research sample consisted of 49 students, and by random assignment, Section (B) was chosen as the experimental group. The first group was taught according to the dynamic transformation strategy of ideas and consisted of (24) students, and the second group was the control group, which was taught according to the traditional method, and consisted of (25) students. The two groups were rewarded in the variables (chronological age, intelligence, previous achievement, previous information test, and mental creativity test). The researcher taught the two research groups after determining the scientific material, and the first two units included: For chapters (first, second, third and fourth) of the biology book for the second intermediate grade, then the behavioural objectives for the four chapters were determined, which amounted to (198) behavioural objectives, and the teaching plans were prepared for the two experimental research groups by adopting the strategy of dynamic transformation of ideas, and the control group by the usual method, and a test map was prepared for the achievement test by means of which the question paragraphs were prepared according to the levels of the six Bloom’s classification. Depending on determining the total number of questions, which is (40) multiple-choice paragraphs with four alternatives. As for the mental creativity test, the researcher prepared it, including (30) multiple-choice test items. To verify the validity of its items (apparent), it was presented to a group of experts and specialists. After applying it to two survey samples, the difficulty coefficient, discrimination coefficient, and effectiveness of the wrong alternatives were extracted. To calculate the stability of the test, the (Kuder Richardson-20) equation was adopted if it reached (0.85). The research experiment was applied at the beginning of the study. The first semester of the academic year (2024-2025) lasted a full semester.
Strategy, Dynamic Transformation of Ideas, Achievement, Biology, Mental Creativity.
Assist Teacher: Mohammad Ali Salman Kadar Almashri
SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN’S APPROACH TO EDUCATION
The socio-philosophical foundations of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan’s concept of social justice hold significant importance in the relationship between the state and the citizen. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was not only a philosopher but also a statesman. In his philosophical, socio-political, and moral-educational views, he drew upon Indian philosophical teachings as well as rational contemplation. This article scientifically analyzes the thinker’s views on education, his attitude towards Indian education and the ideas in his philosophy, his theories, moral perspectives, and socio-political opinions, with particular emphasis on relevant materials.
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, education, science, empirical, East and West, integration, perception.
Abduvakhidov Abdullaziz Abdusattor o‘g‘li