American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences
American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences is an open access peer reviewed journal. The journal is double blind peer reviewed. The journal publishes the research in the field of humanities, social sciences and law. ISSN (E): 2832-8019 JIF 2024: 9.445
INTERNATIONAL DOCKING SYSTEM STANDARD: BETWEEN COOPERATION AND HIERARCHY
The International Docking System Standard (IDSS) is a technical interface that enables different spacecraft to connect safely in orbit. Under the United States led Artemis Accords, 52 partner nations are required to adopt this standard to ensure mission safety and interoperability. However, scholars disagree about the political implications of this technical requirement. This study addresses the following research question: How does the IDSS standard redefine international power dynamics in the Artemis led lunar exploration? Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Stewart and Dittmer (2023) and Morin and Tepper (2023), the research analyzes official documents, academic literature, and historical cases such as the Apollo Soyuz Test Project. The findings reveal a fundamental paradox: The IDSS simultaneously functions as a “material vernacular” that facilitates international cooperation and as a “chokepoint effect” that creates a United States led technological hierarchy. Shared docking standards enable states to collaborate, even during terrestrial political conflicts. At the same time, they bind partner nations to American engineering norms, restrict their strategic autonomy, and marginalize rival powers such as China. The paper concludes that technical standards are never neutral; they embed structural power and reshape international relations. These findings are particularly important for emerging space nations that must balance the benefits of interoperability against the risks of long term dependency. As the Moon becomes a new arena for great power competition, understanding who writes the technical rules is as critical as understanding who builds the rockets.
International Docking System Standard; Artemis Accords; space diplomacy; structural power; technical interoperability.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ISSUES OF ENSURING SPIRITUAL AND IDEOLOGICAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
This article examines the issues of ensuring spiritual and ideological security in the context of globalization. It analyzes the growing influence of global processes on the value system, worldview, and ideological stability of society. The study emphasizes the importance of strengthening spiritual resilience, preserving national identity, and developing effective mechanisms to counter ideological threats in modern conditions. Special attention is given to the role of education, culture, and state policy in maintaining ideological stability and promoting national values.
Globalization, spiritual security, ideological security, national identity, value system, ideological stability, cultural development, education, state policy.
EFFECTIVE METHODS OF USING FOLKLORE MATERIALS IN EDUCATION LESSONS
This article analyzes effective methods of using Uzbek children's folklore in primary school reading lessons. During the study, the impact of interactive methods, game technologies, staging and multimedia tools on the effectiveness of education was studied. The results of the experiment showed that lessons based on folklore increase the level of students' mastery.
Folklore, primary education, reading lesson, methodology, interactive methods, fairy tale, riddle, pedagogical technology.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL MIGRATION ON THE QUALITY OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION
This article presents a comprehensive systemic analysis of the relationship between processes of international academic mobility and the qualitative transformation of human capital. In the context of the transition to a post-industrial society and a knowledge-based economy, scientific and educational migration is considered not merely as the movement of individuals, but as a fundamental factor in the accumulation of intellectual resources and a key driver of innovative development in national systems. The author thoroughly examines the multi-level mechanisms through which migration flows influence the structure of professional and personal competencies, analyzes the risks associated with intellectual emigration, and substantiates the strategic necessity of transitioning to “brain circulation” models. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of human capital modernization in developing economies within the context of their integration into the global educational and scientific space.
Human capital, scientific and educational migration, academic mobility, intellectual potential, knowledge economy, globalization, innovative development.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DIAGNOSTICS AND ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES
The paper presents the theoretical basis for diagnostics and technical condition assessment of reinforced concrete bridges in service. The main groups of defects and damage are classified and their influence on load-carrying capacity is discussed. The review covers non-destructive testing methods, including ultrasonic, vibration-based and radiographic techniques, as well as static and dynamic load testing. Mathematical models for residual life prediction and reliability assessment are summarized, and an algorithmic workflow for bridge diagnostics is proposed. An example of practical application to a 24 m span bridge demonstrates the use of measured concrete strength, crack width, reinforcement loss and deflection data for assigning a condition category and repair decision. The study substantiates the need for an integrated, system-based approach to the evaluation of reinforced concrete bridge structures.
Reinforced concrete bridge, diagnostics, technical condition, non-destructive testing, load-carrying capacity, residual life, defects, cracking, reinforcement corrosion.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATIONS EFFECT ON RAISING THE EFFICIENCY OF INFORMATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY
The study aims to diagnose the reality of digital transformation in the Central Library, and measuring its effect on enhancing the efficiency of information project management in its technical and human dimensions. It also seeks to identify barriers to access to the smart library and to provide a practical model that contributes to automating office processes and raising the accuracy of information retrieval, the descriptive-analytical approach was adopted in the study and the questionnaire, observation and standardized interview were used as methods of data collection, and the statistical program SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the results of the study, and the study came out with a number of results, most notably: The Central Library has achieved remarkable success in the project of the digital repository for dissertations, as it obtained the highest average of (4.42), making it the most efficient project, the results proved that digital transformation has actually contributed to reducing the time spent on academic research and improving the accuracy of information retrieval, existing digital systems have achieved a good level of ensuring the sustainability of available resources without significant technical disruption, despite the need to upgrade infrastructure.
Digital Transformation, Project Management, Information Efficiency.
METHODS OF TEACHING SCIENTIFIC STYLE OF SPEECH TO STUDENTS WITH A NON-RUSSIAN LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION
This article examines the issues of mastering the scientific style of speech by students whose language of instruction is not Russian. It discusses the main methods and types of work with scientific texts, including abstracting and editing scientific texts, as well as scientific and methodological work related to the selection of educational materials.
Methods, text, scientific style, scientific writing
CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF DIETOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS
Chronic hepatitis (CH) represents a significant epidemiological challenge in the global healthcare system, with its development influenced by a complex interplay of metabolic, viral, and socio-hygienic factors. In recent years, dietotherapy has been increasingly recognized as an essential component of the comprehensive management of patients with CH. The objective of this literature review is to analyze the clinical effectiveness of dietotherapy in chronic hepatitis based on contemporary scientific evidence. According to the analyzed data, balanced nutrition—particularly diets rich in antioxidants, characterized by a low glycemic index, and containing hepatoprotective components—has been shown to reduce liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST), attenuate inflammatory processes, and slow the progression of fibrosis. Conversely, high-calorie and high-fat diets contribute to accelerated disease progression. When combined with pharmacotherapy, dietotherapy significantly improves clinical outcomes.
Chronic hepatitis, dietotherapy, hepatoprotection, liver enzymes, fibrosis, metabolic syndrome, nutritional hygiene, antioxidants
SEMANTIC SHIFT IN CONTEMPORARY LANGUAGE USE: AN APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY
This research aims to study the phenomenon of semantic shift in contemporary Arabic linguistic usage, as one of the active semantic phenomena that contribute to the construction and direction of meaning within discourse. The research is based on the hypothesis that semantic shift is not a random departure from lexical meaning, but rather a semantic transition governed by the constraints of context, situation, and the function of the discourse.
Semantic shift, contextual semantics, contemporary language usage, semantic change, media discourse.
HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AS A FACTOR IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION
The aim of the study is to examine the theoretical, scientific and practical foundations of human capital management processes as a factor in the socio-economic and innovative development of the region. This paper examines the theoretical and practical foundations of management relationships arising during the implementation of regional socioeconomic policy and the effective management of human capital for the benefit of the region's innovative development based on human capital management, as well as the maximum utilization of internal and external investment resources in the formation of the region's human capital, as measured by the Human Development Index.
Socio-economic development of the region, regional human capital, innovative economy, education system, investment in human capital, production process, labor resources.
THE SCHOOL OF HADITH STUDIES IN THE CIVILIZATION OF NEW UZBEKISTAN: INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE AND PROSPECTS FOR INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE
The article scientifically substantiates the role of the Movarounnahr school of Hadith studies within the context of the spiritual and educational reforms implemented in New Uzbekistan. It highlights that the science of Hadith is not merely a religious source, but an intellectual and ethical phenomenon that ensures intercultural dialogue and social stability.
Hadith studies, intercultural dialogue, intellectual heritage, spiritual and moral education, New Uzbekistan, Movarounnahr school.
THE IMPACT OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ON LEARNING PERFORMANCE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system, myelin synthesis, and DNA biosynthesis. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that vitamin B12 deficiency in children is associated not only with hematological disorders but also with impairments in cognitive functions and academic performance. Evidence suggests that children with B12 deficiency exhibit significant reductions in attention, memory, and information processing speed, along with poorer academic achievement. For instance, children with low B12 levels have been reported to have a 2.36-fold higher risk of grade repetition. Neurologically, this deficiency may lead to peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, developmental delay, and impaired concentration. This article analyzes the impact of vitamin B12 deficiency on cognitive development, learning performance, and nervous system function in children based on contemporary scientific literature.
Vitamin B12, cobalamin, children, cognitive development, academic performance, nervous system, neurological disorders, myelination, attention, memory
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCACY AND COMMUNICATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
This article examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in environmental advocacy and communication, synthesizing current research on AI applications for promoting pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. The study analyzes recent experimental and design-based research published between 2025-2026, focusing on three primary AI applications: generative AI as information sources, AI-powered chatbots for community engagement, and AI-driven content creation and analysis tools. Findings reveal that AI-generated environmental messages can significantly enhance awareness of consequences, moral obligation, and attitudes toward environmental problems, with effectiveness comparable to traditional media sources . AI-powered chatbots demonstrate particular promise in democratizing environmental reporting and creating emotional connections with nature through anthropomorphic design. However, research also indicates that hyper-personalized "nano-targeting" approaches may risk audience polarization rather than broad persuasion. The article concludes with practical recommendations for environmental communicators and identifies directions for future research.
Artificial intelligence, environmental communication, climate advocacy, chatbots, generative AI, pro-environmental behavior.
SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ENSURING ECOLOGICAL SECURITY IN UZBEKISTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
In the current era of globalization, environmental problems are one of the most pressing issues facing humanity. Excessive use of natural resources, rapid industrial development, urbanization processes, and disruption of the ecological balance are leading to an increase in global environmental threats. This article analyzes the socio-philosophical foundations of ensuring environmental security in Uzbekistan in the context of global environmental problems. The study highlights the essence of the concept of environmental security, the philosophical aspects of the relationship between man and nature, the importance of the concept of sustainable development, and the need to develop an ecological culture. The results of the study show that environmental education, environmental awareness, and environmental policy play an important role in ensuring environmental security in Uzbekistan.
Environmental security, global environmental problems, environmental threats, sustainable development, environmental culture, environmental awareness, environmental policy.
RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS ACTIVE IN THE BOYSUN EMIRATE AND THEIR EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
This article analyzes the lives and scholarly-educational activities of prominent religious scholars who were active in the Boysun region of Surxondaryo province from the late 19th to the mid-20th century—Qosim Boysuniy, Azimov Ravshan Mufti, Domla Karimbek, Mulla Doʻst Nodir Boysuniy, and Norqul Shaykh Rajab ogli. The study highlights their roles in the religious education system, their academic connections with Bukhara madrasas, and the impact of Soviet-era persecution policies on religious scholars. The findings underscore Boysun’s significance as a center of religious and educational life, as well as the contributions of these scholars to the spiritual and cultural life of the local population.
Boysun, religious scholars, Ravshan Mufti, Domla Karimbek, Norqul Shaykh, Mulla Doʻst Nodir Boysuniy, Bukhara madrasas, religious education, Soviet repression, Hududiya madrasa.
HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS AND OXYGEN DELIVERY INDEX IN ELDERLY WOMEN WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND CHRONIC HEART FAILURE WITH COMORBID OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among elderly patients with multiple metabolic comorbidities. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly aggravate the course of CAD and chronic heart failure (CHF) by affecting myocardial metabolism, microcirculation, and oxygen delivery to tissues. Objective: To evaluate the oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) in elderly women with CAD and advanced chronic heart failure (NYHA class III-IV) in the presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Methods: A prospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted including 35 women with CAD and CHF class III-IV who were admitted for coronary artery bypass grafting at the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after Academician V. Vakhidov between January and May 2025. Patients were divided into two groups: CAD+CHF+obesity (n=17) and CAD+CHF+obesity+type 2 diabetes (n=18). A control group consisted of 12 age-matched women without CAD, obesity, or diabetes. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were assessed. Oxygen delivery index was calculated using the formula DO₂I = 1.34 × Hb × SaO₂ × CI. Results: Although hemoglobin levels were comparable between groups, patients with combined obesity and type 2 diabetes demonstrated a significantly lower oxygen delivery index compared with patients with obesity alone (377.5±19.1 vs 437.9±27.7 ml/min/m², p<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive association between DO₂I and hemoglobin levels (r=0.531), heart rate
Coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, oxygen delivery index, obesity, type 2 diabetes.
ANALYSIS OF THE BOOK BY DOCTOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCES, PROFESSOR SHUKRITDIN PAKHRUTDINOV, «THREATS TO DEVELOPMENT: THEORY AND PRACTICE», IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL POLITICAL PROCESSES
This paper analyzes Shukritdin Pakhrutdinov’s book «Taraqqiyotga tahdid: nazariya va amaliyot» (Threats to Development: Theory and Practice) in the context of contemporary global political processes. The book represents a comprehensive philosophical and political science study of the nature of threats to societal and state development, emphasizing their systemic interconnection with social, economic, political, and spiritual dimensions. The author treats threats not as random crises but as objective phenomena requiring a comprehensive and preventive approach. Special attention is given to the critique of the “struggle of opposites” concept in politics and the development of a framework based on proportionality, complementarity, and consensus to achieve sustainable development. The study examines economic, informational, ideological, and spiritual threats, demonstrating their relevance through contemporary local and global conflicts, sanctions, economic instability, and globalization processes. The author proposes strategies for early threat detection, economic diversification, social protection, and strengthening the spiritual and cultural potential of society. The analysis shows that Pakhrutdinov’s ideas are of universal significance and can guide state and international strategies aimed at crisis prevention and long-term stability.
Threats to development, sustainable development, social stability, economic threats, ideological risks, information warfare, spiritual threats, globalization, international conflicts, economic diversification, social protection, consensus and cooperation, political philosophy, preventive threat management.
THE ROLE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE IN THE PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
This paper discusses in detail the importance of personal hygiene in maintaining human health and preventing infectious diseases. Personal hygiene refers to a set of daily practices aimed at maintaining cleanliness of the body, clothing, food, and living environment. Special attention is given to the causes of infectious diseases and the main routes of transmission, including airborne, contact, foodborne, and waterborne pathways. The role of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi in causing diseases is also explained. Following personal hygiene rules not only protects individual health but also helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases in society. Therefore, developing a culture of hygiene is an essential factor in promoting public health and reducing disease transmission.
Personal hygiene, infectious diseases, prevention, sanitation and hygiene, microorganisms, bacteria and viruses, immune system, healthy lifestyle, handwashing, hygiene culture, disinfection.
THE ROLE OF INSULIN RESISTANCE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS
Chronic hepatitis remains one of the most pressing issues in modern hepatology, and the role of metabolic factors in its development and progression has been steadily increasing. Epidemiological and clinical studies conducted in recent years indicate that insulin resistance represents an important pathogenetic factor in the development of liver diseases. Disruption of insulin signaling leads to impaired lipid metabolism in hepatocytes, increased triglyceride accumulation, and activation of oxidative stress. These processes promote the production of inflammatory mediators and contribute to the development of hepatic fibrosis. According to data reported in the scientific literature, patients with insulin resistance have a significantly higher risk of developing liver fibrosis, which in turn increases the likelihood of progression to severe forms of chronic hepatitis. This article analyzes the molecular mechanisms, epidemiological aspects, and clinical significance of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis based on contemporary scientific literature.
Insulin resistance, chronic hepatitis, metabolic syndrome, hepatic fibrosis, hepatocyte, lipogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, hepatic steatosis
THE MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE IN THE USE OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS
This article provides a systematic examination of the hygienic rules for the use of cosmetic products, focusing on health, dermatological safety, and microbiological risk. Data from empirical and laboratory studies are analyzed, including microbiological contamination of cosmetic applicators and products, adverse skin reactions, users’ hygienic behaviors, and the role of storage conditions. Preventive measures — product selection, individual use, cleaning of applicators, storage, and educational outreach — are also discussed. The study results aim to inform practical recommendations for cosmetic hygiene and to improve regulatory policies within public health systems.
Cosmetics; hygienic rules; microbial contamination; contact dermatitis; applicators; prevention.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPROVING PROGRAM-DIDACTIC SUPPORT FOR TEACHING PROGRAMMING TO FUTURE ENGINEERS
The aim of the study is to develop and test methodological approaches to improving program-didactic support for teaching programming to future engineers within a digital educational environment. The paper clarifies the structure of programming competence, which includes cognitive, motivational, activity-based, and reflective components. The methodology is based on the integration of programming with engineering disciplines, the use of digital tools (Python, MathCad, Excel, Word), the combination of traditional and e-learning formats, as well as the implementation of the ITTS educational portal and an electronic textbook. Experimental verification was carried out in several engineering universities, where the performance indicators of control and experimental groups were compared. The results of statistical analysis showed that the effectiveness in the experimental groups increased: by 1.15 times in the cognitive component, by 1.14 times in the motivational component, by 1.15 times in the activity-based component, and also by 1.15 times in the reflective component. The average values in the experimental groups ranged from 4.05 to 4.16 compared to 3.53–3.65 in the control groups. The empirical values of Student’s t-test significantly exceeded the critical ones, which confirms the reliability of the differences. The conclusions of the study indicate that the proposed methodology ensures the growth of competence in programming among engineering students, contributes to the development of algorithmic thinking, research activity, and readiness for professional work in the context of the digital economy.
Programming, competence, engineering education, digital educational environment, program-didactic support, methodological approaches, experimental study, cognitive component, motivational component, activity-based component, reflective component
GENDER EQUALITY AND CAREER ADVANCEMENT IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP
In the current era of globalization and against the backdrop of institutional modernization in public administration, the full and effective mobilization of human capital has become a decisive factor for increasing governance performance, achieving sustainable development goals, and maintaining social and political stability. In this context, women, as a large socio-demographic group, should be regarded not only as participants in the labor market, but also as a strategically important resource that strengthens managerial and leadership capacity. Nevertheless, in many countries women’s participation at decision-making levels remains below expectations: the low representation of women in leadership positions is largely explained by institutional constraints, persistent stereotypes, and unequal opportunities. As a result, inclusiveness in public administration may weaken, ensuring social justice may become more challenging, and the quality and legitimacy of governance decisions may be adversely affected. This article analyzes global trends for 2025–2026 based on data published by UN Women and the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). At the same time, using Uzbekistan as a case study, the article provides a systematic review of the legal and regulatory framework and the institutional mechanisms currently in place to strengthen gender equality in the civil service. Based on the research findings, the study proposes a methodological integration of key human resource management components within the “neighborhood–district–region–republic” administrative vertical. In particular, it recommends reinforcing a competency-based approach to selection and promotion, improving workforce forecasting and planning, and establishing an integrated system of monitoring and evaluation to manage results in a coherent and continuous manner.
Civil service, gender equality, talent pool (personnel reserve), women’s leadership career, institutional mechanisms, quotas, monitoring and evaluation, competency model.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE OMBUDSMAN INSTITUTION IN PROTECTING HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN UZBEKISTAN
This article provides a scientific analysis of the constitutional and legal foundations for ensuring human rights and freedoms in Uzbekistan, as well as the role and significance of national human rights institutions. In particular, it highlights the history of the establishment, legal status, powers, and main areas of activity of the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The paper also examines the practical results of the Ombudsman’s activities, mechanisms for restoring violated citizen rights, and the system for processing appeals. The article substantiates that ensuring the primacy of human rights is a key indicator of a democratic state and discusses issues of improving the activities of national institutions and aligning them with international standards. The research results have both theoretical and practical significance in developing effective mechanisms for the protection of human rights.
Human rights, democratic state, constitutional guarantees, national institutions, Ombudsman, parliamentary oversight, appeal system, international legal norms, human rights protection mechanisms.
Madmusayev Muhammadyusuf Shohjakhon o‘g‘li
SERVICE RESPONSIVENESS AND VOLUNTEERISM OF RURAL WOMEN IN RIVERS STATE
The aim of this research was to determine the extent to which service responsive responsiveness influences volunteerism among rural women in Rivers State. In the course of fulfilling this purpose, the study empirically examined the relationship between service responsiveness and two of the attributes of volunteerism which were utilization and recognition. The study adopted the quasi-experimental design; and questionnaire was the instrument used to collect the primary data. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed to rural women in Rivers State. Data gotten was analyzed and the two hypotheses raised, thus, indicating two moderate positive rank correlation. We concluded that volunteerism to an extent can be influenced by service responsiveness, we also recommend that organizations and the government should put more effort to discover and satisfy the needs of the volunteers in order to increase their performance and retain them.
Service Responsiveness, Volunteerism, Utilization, Recognition
NARCOTICS - A MISFORTUNE UNDER A BEAUTIFUL SHADOW: A MIRAGE THAT DECEIVES SOCIETY
The article presents analyses of issues related to countering narcotic agents - one of the global problems of the modern world. The causes and consequences of their distribution are also considered, and scientific proposals and recommendations on measures to combat them are given.
Drug addiction, drugs, psychotropic substances, Afghanistan, Northern Route, persistent immunity, law enforcement agencies, prevention, international community.
THE USE OF SPEECH ACTS IN KHURSHID DAVRON'S POEM "I PUT MY HEAD ON YOUR CHEST
This article examines the use of speech acts in the process of verbal communication. It analyzes their linguistic and pragmatic features, as well as their role in revealing the aesthetic nature of a literary text. Special attention is given to the expression of the speaker’s emotions and intentions and to the significance of speech acts in uncovering the content and ideas of a literary work.
Speech act, locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act, pragmatics, theme of homeland, lyrical hero, aesthetic effect, emotional expression, poetic speech.
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN MEDICINE AND ITS DEONTOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Deontology in medicine is a complex and multifaceted subject that delves into the ethical principles guiding medical professionals' actions and interactions with patients, colleagues, and society at large. Within this framework, interpersonal relations play a pivotal role, shaping how healthcare providers navigate dilemmas, communicate with patients, and collaborate within multidisciplinary teams. Let's break down these concepts and explore their implications in the realm of healthcare.
Medical deontology, deontological ethics, doctor-patient relationship, patient autonomy, professional duty, empathetic communication, professional responsibility, code of medical ethics, quality of healthcare.
ANALYSIS OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY RELATIONS IN THE HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
At the current stage of human civilization, protecting the family and caring for children are highly relevant issues. This article analyzes historical legal sources on the topic. Attention is given to the legal regulation of marriage formation and dissolution, the legal foundations of protection, and the legal aspects. The article develops suggestions and recommendations for an effective system of developed legal norms regulating marriage and family relations, ensuring the stable development of society, referred to as social society.
Family, marriage, law, legislation, protection.
THE LITERARY LEGACY AND AESTHETIC VIEWS OF XURSHID DO‘STMUHAMMAD: HIS APPROACH TO LITERATURE AND ART IN HIS WORKS
This article outlines the literary and aesthetic vision of Xurshid Do‘stmuhammad, focusing on the philosophical depth, symbolic imagery, and ethical sensitivity of his poetry. His poems synthesize national memory with modern introspection, presenting the individual as both a witness to history and a seeker of inner harmony. Through restrained language and layered metaphors, Do‘stmuhammad explores themes of spiritual identity, moral responsibility, and the fragile balance between tradition and contemporary life. The analysis shows how his poetic voice transforms everyday experience into reflective insight, creating a bridge between personal emotion and collective consciousness.
Uzbek poetry, aesthetics, symbolism, spiritual identity, national memory, modern introspection.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND NUTRITION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS
Chronic hepatitis represents a major global public health challenge, and its course and progression are significantly influenced by metabolic syndrome and nutritional factors. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 300 million people worldwide live with chronic hepatitis B infection, and over 50 million with chronic hepatitis C infection. At the same time, the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome is estimated at approximately 25–30%, reaching up to 40% in certain populations. Scientific evidence indicates that key components of metabolic syndrome—insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension—accelerate liver fibrosis progression and increase the risk of steatosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis. Dietary patterns, particularly high-calorie regimens rich in saturated fats, further exacerbate hepatocellular injury.
Chronic hepatitis, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, nutrition, diet therapy