American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences
American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences is an open access peer reviewed journal. The journal is double blind peer reviewed. The journal publishes the research in the field of humanities, social sciences and law. ISSN (E): 2832-8019 JIF 2024: 9.445
THE ROLE OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM
The spiritual transformations occurring in contemporary human life and the challenges arising from globalization processes highlight the significance and relevance of the science of philosophy. The necessity to shape the philosophical thinking of young people to protect them from spiritual threats and various foreign, harmful ideas, and to enhance their philosophical knowledge to cultivate a generation capable of withstanding any adverse effects of globalization, defines the role of philosophy in higher education. This article presents reflections on the relevance and importance of teaching philosophy within our country's higher education system.
Philosophy, universe, human, epistemology, existence, pluralism, tolerance, paradigm, worldview, ethics.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SEMANTIC EQUIVALENCE, TERMINOLOGICAL VARIATION AND HARMONIZATION MECHANISMS IN A SPECIALIZED PARALLEL CORPUS OF UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS
The increasing role of multilingual communication in international organizations has intensified the need for systematic terminological harmonization, particularly in institutional and legal discourse. The United Nations produces a substantial volume of multilingual documentation in which terminological accuracy, conceptual correspondence, and consistency are essential for maintaining uniform interpretation across languages. This study investigates semantic equivalence, terminological variation, and harmonization mechanisms within a specialized parallel corpus of United Nations documents. The research combines corpus linguistics, terminology studies, translation studies, and contrastive-semantic analysis to establish a methodological framework for identifying and evaluating multilingual terminological correspondences. Particular attention is given to lexical, conceptual, functional, collocational, and institutional equivalence.
Semantic equivalence, terminological variation, terminological harmonization, parallel corpus, United Nations documents, institutional discourse, corpus linguistics, terminology management, multilingual terminology, translation equivalence.
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPI) IN MANAGEMENT
This article examines modern approaches to developing a system of key performance indicators (KPIs) as one of the most important tools for strategic and operational management. It explores the theoretical foundations of KPI construction, modern concepts of organizational performance management, and the specifics of integrating the indicator system with corporate strategy, process management, and digital technologies. Particular attention is paid to the application of Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Objectives and Key Results (OKR) methodologies, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence technologies in the development and monitoring of key performance indicators. An analysis of the principles of KPI selection, criteria for their relevance, measurability, achievability, and manageability is provided. It is substantiated that the effectiveness of a KPI system is determined not by the number of indicators, but by the degree to which they correspond to the strategic goals of the organization, the quality of information support, and the regularity of results monitoring. A conclusion is drawn regarding the need to develop flexible, adaptive performance assessment systems capable of quickly responding to changes in the external environment and providing support for management decisions in the context of the digital transformation of the economy.
Key performance indicators (KPI), management, performance management, strategic management, Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Objectives and Key Results (OKR), business processes, digital transformation, digital analytics, management decisions, performance assessment, scorecard, organizational effectiveness, management by objectives, digital economy.
IMPROVING EMAIL MARKETING EFFICIENCY WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING
This article explores modern approaches to improving email marketing effectiveness using artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. It examines the historical stages of email marketing development, the theoretical foundations of intelligent algorithms, and the specifics of using machine learning methods for audience segmentation, content personalization, user behavior prediction, and marketing communications automation. Practical mechanisms for implementing artificial intelligence are analyzed, including intelligent message timing, recommender systems, predictive analytics, and generative AI models. Particular attention is paid to assessing the effectiveness of intelligent technologies based on key marketing metrics and the prospects for further development of email marketing in the context of digital transformation. It is concluded that the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning contributes to improved marketing campaign performance, increased personalization of customer interactions, increased conversion rates and return on investment, and the formation of sustainable competitive advantages for organizations.
Email marketing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, digital marketing, personalization, predictive analytics, marketing automation, generative artificial intelligence, big data, digital transformation.
THE ARCHITECTURAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HEARTHS IN THE MONUMENTS OF THE JEITUN CULTURE: ON THE EARLIEST FORMS OF ATTITUDES TOWARD FIRE
This article examines the architectural, functional and social significance of hearths identified at Neolithic sites of the Jeitun culture in southern Turkmenistan. The main objective of the study is to investigate the spatial distribution and functions of hearths within Jeitun culture settlements and to explore early attitudes toward fire among Neolithic farming communities based on archaeological evidence. The study is based on comparative analysis of materials from Jeitun, Chopan Depe, Togolok Depe, Chagylli Depe, Pessejik Depe and Monjukli Depe. The results demonstrate that hearths constituted an integral element of domestic architecture throughout the Jeitun cultural area. Analysis of the second architectural horizon at Jeitun revealed that hearths were predominantly located along the eastern and northern walls of dwellings, reflecting stable architectural traditions in the organization of domestic space. Comparative analysis further indicates common patterns in the placement and functions of hearths across different Jeitun culture settlements. The available archaeological evidence does not support the existence of a developed fire cult among Jeitun communities. Nevertheless, the regular occurrence of hearths in all dwellings, their standardized placement and their central position within domestic architecture suggest the emergence of a particular social and symbolic attitude toward fire during the Neolithic period.
Jeitun culture, Neolithic, southern Turkmenistan, hearth, fire, domestic architecture, symbolic space, Central Asia.
GEOECOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RATIONAL UTILIZATION OF FERGANA VALLEY LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS
This article analyzes the current geoecological state of landscapes in the north-western and central parts of the Fergana Valley. During the research, the level of anthropogenic transformation of the region was studied, and landscapes were classified into three main zones. The causes of negative processes such as erosion, desertification, and rising groundwater levels in the region were scientifically substantiated.
Fergana Valley, landscape, geoecological state, anthropogenic transformation, erosion, agrolandscape, sustainable development, desertification.
EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES IN TEACHERS’ TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA: EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS
With a focus on social studies instructors, the study examines difficulties in Delta State, Nigeria's inclusive education training program. In order to facilitate the teaching-learning process, the study examines how inclusive education with relation to social studies students with special needs presents difficulties for the classroom instructor. According to article 223 of the UN Child Rights Convention, which was ratified in 1989, students with needs are entitled to a complete and dignified existence in circumstances that uphold their dignity, encourage independence, and enable them to actively participate in an inclusive educational system. This study reviews pertinent research on the challenges and clarifications of social studies teacher preparation for school inclusion, particularly with reference to individuals with special needs. In order to prevent prejudice against people with special needs, the government at all levels should mandate inclusive education for schools, according to the paper's conclusion, which also highlighted the importance of a sufficient Social Studies teacher training programme.
Teacher Training, Inclusive Education, Social Studies, Special Needs.
GENRE SYNCRETISM AND ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE HEROIC SPIRIT IN CURRENT UZBEKISTAN NOVELISM
This article analyzes sports and cultural events held in Mirishkor district and other regions during 2022–2023. The aim of the study is to highlight youth involvement in sports and arts, the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, and achievements in international competitions. The methodology relies on factual analysis of events, competition results, and examples of winners. Findings indicate that the district produced 5 world champions, 5 national champions, and 47 athletes who won prizes in international tournaments. The discussion emphasizes the role of government policy, local authorities, and coaches in fostering sports and culture. In conclusion, the case of Mirishkor district demonstrates that youth sports and cultural development are key drivers of social progress.
Mirishkor district, Five Initiatives Olympiad, Table tennis competition, Namangan region, Pahlavon Mahmud sports palace, Amonov Tolib, Aliyeva Dildora, Toychiyeva Nodira, Toychiyeva Zebiniso, Toychiyev Jaloliddin, National wrestling, Kupkari competition, Shohruh Mamedov, IBSA Judo Tokyo, World champion, Uzbekistan championship, Taekwondo ITF, Uzbek martial arts, Contribution to homeland progress, Independence era sports achievements.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL-ANTHROPOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF THE “PERFECT HUMAN” IN THE MEIJI ERA
This study explores the philosophical and anthropological essence of the ideal of a perfect human being formed during the Meiji era (明治). It analyzes the moral and ethical, intellectual and educational, as well as socio-cultural characteristics of the individual. Enlightenment, discipline, diligence, national pride, and the integration of Western experience are identified as key factors that lead a person toward perfection. Furthermore, the individual's role and responsibility within society, their activity guided by the spirit of collectivism, and their commitment to promoting national interests are examined through a philosophical and anthropological lens. As a result, the human ideal of the Meiji era (明治) is interpreted as a central concept in Japan’s modernization process.
Meiji era (明治), civilization, perfect human, modernization, anthropological approach, national identity, spirituality, society and individual, cultural synthesis.
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF HEALTH OF CHILDREN LIVING IN THE ARAL SEA REGION
The article analyzes the number of pupils in grades 1–4 of secondary schools in the city of Nukus and the Shumanay district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan for several academic years. On the basis of statistical data, the territorial characteristics of the number of primary school students, demographic changes and the importance of these data for the hygienic assessment of children's health were studied. The results of the analysis showed the difference in the number of children in urban and rural areas and the demographic burden on educational institutions. The results obtained serve as an important scientific basis for the hygienic assessment of children's health, the planning of preventive measures in educational institutions and the improvement of sanitary and hygienic control [2].
Children's health, primary school, hygienic assessment, coastal island region, demographic analysis, school-age children.
INTEGRATION OF DISCIPLINES IN TEACHING CHEMICAL BONDING AND VALENCE IN ATOMIC PHYSICS
The interdisciplinary integration of scientific subjects has become an important approach in modern education, enabling students to develop a holistic understanding of natural phenomena. This article examines the integration of physics and chemistry in teaching chemical bonding and valence within the context of atomic physics. The study explores how concepts of atomic structure, electron configuration, quantum mechanics, and electromagnetic interactions provide a physical basis for understanding chemical bonds and valence. Particular attention is given to interdisciplinary teaching methods that connect theoretical knowledge from physics and chemistry, promoting deeper conceptual understanding and scientific literacy.
Interdisciplinary integration, atomic physics, chemical bonding, valence, science education, quantum mechanics, electron configuration, scientific literacy.
THE SOCIO-POLITICAL SITUATION, THE DEVELOPMENT OF TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM IN ALGERIA: THE NORTH AFRICAN SECURITY EXPERIENCE
This article analyzes the socio-political processes, public administration, security policy, historical formation, and contemporary transformation of terrorism and extremism in the Republic of Algeria within the framework of the IMRAD structure. Algeria is one of the most important geopolitical actors in North Africa, and its security experience is closely connected with the legacy of colonialism, the war of independence, the civil war of the 1990s, armed Islamist movements, the emergence of AQIM, instability in the Sahel region, and the Hirak movement of 2019. The study employs political analysis, a historical-institutional approach, comparative analysis, content analysis, and the case study method. The article argues that terrorism is not merely a product of religious radicalism, but a complex phenomenon related to political exclusion, institutional crisis, socio-economic discontent, historical memory, and transboundary security challenges. The findings indicate that although Algeria has significantly limited the large-scale operational capacity of terrorist groups within its territory, issues related to border areas, youth employment, political trust, economic diversification, and regional cooperation remain relevant risk factors. Algeria’s experience offers important scientific and practical lessons for Uzbekistan in preventing extremism, strengthening religious and educational immunity, harmonizing youth policy with the concept of security, and deepening regional security cooperation.
Algeria, socio-political situation, terrorism, extremism, AQIM, Hirak, North Africa, Sahel, security policy.
FORMATION OF INFORMATION MODELING COMPETENCE IN THE PROCESS OF PHYSİCS EDUCATION
The rapid development of information and communication technologies has significantly transformed educational practices, particularly in science education. One of the essential competencies required in modern education is information modeling competence, which enables learners to represent, analyze, and interpret physical phenomena through various models. This article examines the formation of information modeling competence in the process of physics education. The study explores theoretical foundations, pedagogical approaches, and digital technologies that support the development of modeling skills among students. Special attention is given to computer simulations, virtual laboratories, mathematical modeling, and problem-based learning as effective tools for enhancing students’ understanding of physical concepts.
Information modeling, physics education, modeling competence, digital technologies, computer simulation, scientific literacy, problem-based learning.
THE POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF FAYZULLA KHOJAYEV
This article discusses some issues related to the political activities of Fayzulla Khojayev, one of the representatives and reformers of Bukhara Jadidism, an intellectual and a major political figure. In particular, his management activities in the Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic(Bukharan SSR), reformist directions, and role in strengthening national statehood are historically highlighted.
Bukhara, Young Bukhara people, Fayzulla Khojayev, Jadidism, Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic, socio-political life.
LONG-TERM DYNAMICS AND TERRITORIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS INCIDENCE IN ANDIJAN REGION (2015–2025)
Pulmonary tuberculosis remains one of the major epidemiological and social problems of the global healthcare system. The risk of disease spread is especially high in densely populated regions with active migration processes. Andijan region is considered one of such territories with high population density and urbanization. Aim. To conduct a retrospective analysis of the long-term dynamics and territorial epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in Andijan region during 2015-2025. Materials and Methods. Retrospective epidemiological, statistical, and comparative analysis methods were used in the study. Official statistical data of the Sanitary-Epidemiological Service of Andijan region for 2015-2025 were analyzed. Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 population, and territories were classified according to epidemiological risk levels. Results and Discussion. The study revealed an overall decreasing trend in pulmonary tuberculosis incidence; however, epidemic increases were observed during 2015-2017 and in 2019. The incidence rates were unevenly distributed across territories. The highest indicators were recorded in Khanabad city, Kurgantepa, Andijan, and Jalakuduk districts. High incidence rates were associated with population density, migration activity, and socio-demographic factors. Conclusions. Pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in Andijan region is characterized by territorial heterogeneity and persistent epidemic activity in high-risk areas. Strengthening early detection, targeted screening, contact monitoring, and preventive measures is essential for reducing morbidity.
Pulmonary tuberculosis, epidemiological analysis, morbidity dynamics, territorial characteristics, retrospective analysis, incidence rate, Andijan region.
TRANSLATIONAL DIVERGENCES IN THE GEOGRAPHY AND THEONYMY OF THE AVESTA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FIRST FARGARD OF THE VIDEVDAT
This article focuses on the comparative philological and historical analysis of the first fargard of the Videvdat (Vendidad) section of the "Avesta." It examines structural discrepancies, theonymic variations, and geographical localizations across three major modern translations: Asqar Mahkam’s Uzbek edition, James Darmesteter’s English translation, and I.M. Steblin-Kamensky’s Russian translation. Through meticulous textual mapping, the study illuminates how variations in verse division, different renderings of ancient deities and heroes (e.g., Angra Mainyu vs. Ahriman, Thraetaona vs. Faridun), and divergent accounts of Ahriman’s adversarial creations distort historical and geographic interpretations. The findings emphasize the need for unified source-critical methods when analyzing ancient Central Asian texts to avoid unreliable historical conclusions.
Avesta, Videvdat, first fargard, Ahura Mazda, Angra Mainyu, Asqar Mahkam, James Darmesteter, Steblin-Kamensky, geographical localization, textual variance, historical source criticism.
STАTE POLICY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NАTIONАL HАNDICRАFTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTАN
This аrticle аnаlyzes the legаl foundаtions for the development of nаtionаl hаndicrаfts in the Republic of Uzbekistаn, including lаws, presidentiаl decrees, аnd government resolutions аdopted during the yeаrs of independence. It аlso highlights the estаblishment of the “Hunаrmаnd” Аssociаtion аnd the reforms implemented to support аrtisаns.
Hаndicrаfts, entrepreneurship, legаl frаmework, “Hunаrmаnd” Аssociаtion, stаte policy, decree, resolution, nаtionаl heritаge.
THE CIVILIZATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE TIMURID PERIOD
This article examines the scientific, cultural, and civilizational significance of the Timurid era and analyzes its study in modern historiography. Special attention is given to the role of Amir Temur and his successors in promoting science, education, architecture, and state administration throughout Central Asia. The research highlights the development of major scientific centers such as Samarkand, Bukhara, and Herat, as well as the contributions of outstanding scholars including Mirzo Ulugbek, Qozizoda Rumi, Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi, and Ali Qushji. The study investigates the importance of historical sources, particularly the works of Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi, Nizamiddin Shami, and Ibn Arabshah, in understanding the political, cultural, and intellectual achievements of the Timurid period. Furthermore, it evaluates the transformation of Timurid studies during the years of Uzbekistan’s independence, emphasizing new methodological approaches and the growing interest in the Timurid legacy at both national and international levels. The findings demonstrate that the Timurid era played a crucial role in preserving and advancing the traditions of the Eastern Renaissance and made a lasting contribution to world civilization.
Timurid era, Amir Temur, Timurids, Eastern Renaissance, Mirzo Ulugbek, Samarkand Observatory, historiography, science and education, cultural heritage, civilization, Ziji Kuragani, historical sources, Central Asia, Timurid studies, world civilization.
DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the formation of civil society institutions, their legal and institutional foundations, and their significance in the system of democratic governance in contemporary Uzbekistan on the basis of a political-institutional approach. It examines the role of non-governmental non-profit organizations, public oversight, the mass media, mahalla institutions, public councils, and civic initiatives in increasing the openness of public administration. Civil society institutions are assessed as an important system of institutions that ensure democratic legitimacy, social trust, and political communication. The article also advances scholarly conclusions regarding existing problems in the development of these institutions and the priority directions for their further improvement.
Civil society, non-governmental non-profit organizations, public oversight, democratic governance, social partnership, political institutions, New Uzbekistan, civic engagement, democratic legitimacy, political communication.
ENSURING THE LIQUIDITY OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES
This article examines the issues of ensuring the liquidity of economic entities operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the course of the research, the opinions of economists regarding the liquidity of economic entities were studied, and an analysis of the liquidity of economic entities operating in Uzbekistan was conducted. Based on the results of the analysis, relevant conclusions and proposals were developed.
Economic entities, financial stability, liquidity, balance sheet liquidity, asset liquidity, solvency.
DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY INDUSTRY IN UZBEKISTAN
Along with the large-scale reforms carried out in Uzbekistan in recent years, the energy sector has entered a stage of institutional renewal, technological modernization and diversification of sources. The article analyzes the historical stages of electrification in Uzbekistan, the establishment and development of the national power system, the role of hydropower and thermal power plants, the transformation of “Uzbekenergo” and “Uzbekhydroenergo”, as well as recent trends related to solar, wind, hydropower and energy storage projects.
Electricity, energy, power system, hydropower, thermal power plant, station, photovoltaic, steam-gas technology, Bozsuv, Uzbekenergo, Uzbekhydroenergo, Tollimarjon, renewable energy, modernization.
TOPONYMY OF THE SURKHANDARYA OASIS IN THE WORK "TOHFAT-UL-KHANIY" AND THEIR HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
This article is devoted to the historical and geographical analysis of the toponyms of the Surkhandarya oasis as reflected in Muhammad Wafa Karminagi’s "Tuhfat al-Khani," an essential primary source on 18th-century Bukhara Khanate history. The study examines the context and historical events associated with strategic locations such as Hisar, Termez, Boysun, Sherobod, Qubodiyon, Dehnav, and Sarijo’y during Muhammad Rahim Khan’s centralization campaigns. Furthermore, the article provides an etymological analysis of these toponyms based on the "Farhangi Tafsirii Zaboni Tojiki" dictionary, highlighting the region's ethnic landscape and its significance in the socio-political life of the Manghit dynasty.
Bukhara Khanate, Muhammad Wafa Karminagi,
TYPES OF BOWS AND ARROWS IN TURKIC MILITARY ART
The military success of the ancient Turkic states was closely connected with the development of advanced archery traditions. Among the various military technologies employed by Turkic warriors, composite bows and specialized arrows occupied a central position. This article examines the main types of bows and arrows used in Turkic military art, their construction, tactical functions, and contribution to military effectiveness. Using historical-comparative and source analysis methods, the study demonstrates that the diversity of bow and arrow types significantly enhanced the combat capabilities of Turkic armies and contributed to their dominance across the Eurasian steppes. The findings reveal that Turkic archery traditions influenced the military systems of later nomadic empires, including the Mongols and the Timurids.
Turkic military art, composite bow, arrows, mounted archery, Turkic Khaganate, military technology, steppe warfare, nomadic armies, military tactics, archery traditions.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SYSTEMIC-SYNERGETIC APPROACH IN SOLVING THE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE ARAL SEA REGION
This article examines the ecological problems of the Aral Sea region through the prism of the systemic-synergetic approach. The Aral Sea crisis is interpreted as a multi-level systemic phenomenon formed as a result of the complex interaction of ecological, economic, social, and demographic factors. Based on the key principles of systemic-synergetic methodology—open systems, self-organization, nonlinearity, bifurcation, and cooperation—the current condition and development prospects of the Aral Sea region are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical and methodological foundations of ensuring environmental security, promoting a green economy, and strengthening regional cooperation.
Aral Sea region, ecological crisis, systems approach, synergetics, environmental security, sustainable development, green economy, climate change, regional cooperation.
This article analyzes the construction history, architectural features, and place of the Sayid Atalyk madrasah in Denau – one of the ancient cities of the Surkhandarya oasis – within the architecture of the Denau bekdom.
Nakshbandia order, Juybari khojas, Sayid Atalyk madrasah,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION MORBIDITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This study presents a retrospective epidemiological analysis of meningococcal infection morbidity in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The aim of the study was to examine long-term trends in disease incidence as well as spatial patterns of its distribution across administrative territories. During the analysis, statistical data on registered cases of meningococcal infection throughout the country were reviewed, and temporal changes in incidence rates were assessed. The territorial analysis revealed elevated incidence levels in certain cities and districts, indicating an uneven spatial distribution of the epidemiological process. The findings demonstrate the dynamic character of the epidemiological situation with regard to meningococcal infection and persistently elevated morbidity in specific regions. This underscores the necessity of strengthening preventive measures and improving early case detection. The results are of practical importance for enhancing epidemiological surveillance and developing targeted prevention strategies for meningococcal infection.
Meningococcal infection, children, prevention.
CREATIVE APPROACHES OF A PRIMARY TEACHER IN FORMING A STUDENT'S PERSONALITY: ANALYSIS OF MODERN EXPERIENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS
This article analyzes the pedagogical and psychological significance of a teacher's creativity in the formation of primary school students as individuals. In the modern education system, the priority task is not only to impart knowledge, but also to reveal the student's internal potential, to form independent and critical thinking skills in him. The article scientifically and practically substantiates the effectiveness of the teacher's creative approaches in the teaching process - creating non-standard situations, game technologies and project-based learning methods. The article also discusses the impact of the teacher's creative potential on the social adaptation and spiritual development of students. The analysis conducted during the research shows that students studying in a creative environment demonstrate higher cognitive activity and emotional stability compared to the traditional form of teaching. At the end of the article, practical recommendations are given for primary school teachers to improve the effectiveness of the lesson.
Creative pedagogy, primary education, personality formation, innovative methods, teacher skills, cognitive activity, non-standard lesson, didactic games, pedagogical skills, modern approach
METHODOLOGY FOR ORGANIZING TUTORING ACTIVITIES IN DISTANCE AND BLENDED LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PROSECUTORIAL STAFF
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations for organizing tutoring activities in distance and blended forms of professional development for prosecutorial staff. Within the framework of the study, the content, functions, rights, and responsibilities of tutoring activities in a digital educational environment, as well as their distinctive features compared to traditional teaching activities, were comparatively analyzed.
Tutoring activity, distance education, blended learning, professional development, prosecutorial bodies, andragogy, pedagogical design, individual learning trajectory, digital educational environment.
THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY АND THE CONCEPTUАL FEАTURES OF SUFI GNOSEOLOGY
The problem of knowledge hаs occupied а centrаl plаce in the history of philosophy since аntiquity. Philosophers from Аncient Greece, the Islаmic intellectuаl trаdition, аnd modern Europeаn schools аttempted to explаin the nаture, source, limits, аnd methods of humаn cognition. Within this broаd epistemologicаl discourse, Sufi gnoseology emerged аs а unique spirituаl-philosophicаl аpproаch thаt emphаsized inner purificаtion, divine illuminаtion, аnd mysticаl intuition аs essentiаl meаns of аttаining truth. This аrticle exаmines the historicаl development of epistemology аnd аnаlyzes the conceptuаl foundаtions of Sufi gnoseology. Pаrticulаr аttention is devoted to the philosophicаl views of Jаlаl аl-Din Rumi, Аbu Hаmid аl-Ghаzаli, Ibn Аrаbi, Nаjmiddin Kubro, аnd Bаhouddin Nаqshbаnd.
Epistemology, Sufi gnoseology, mysticаl cognition, mа’rifа, qаlb, ruh, kаshf, irfаn, Jаlаluddin Rumi, Аl-Ghаzаli, Ibn Аrаbi, Nаjmiddin Kubro, Bаhouddin Nаqshbаnd, spirituаl purificаtion, divine illuminаtion.
SPATIAL INEQUALITY IN THE SOVIET HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: THE CASE OF RURAL HEALTHCARE IN THE SURKHANDARYA REGION (1940 - 1960)
This article analyzes the state of rural healthcare institutions in the Surkhandarya region between 1940 and 1960, focusing on their material-technical base and staffing levels. It demonstrates that due to the extensive development of the healthcare system during the Soviet era – prioritizing quantitative indicators over qualitative ones – most medical facilities in the region were housed in adapted buildings and lacked modern medical equipment. Furthermore, the study highlights that physicians with higher education worked primarily in urban and district centers, while the rural population was largely served by secondary medical personnel, resulting in a low quality of care.
Rural healthcare, feldsher-midwife station (FMS), rural district hospital, outpatient services, medical personnel, physician shortage