American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences
American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences is an open access peer reviewed journal. The journal is double blind peer reviewed. The journal publishes the research in the field of humanities, social sciences and law. ISSN (E): 2832-8019 JIF 2024: 9.445
FORMATION OF INFORMATION MODELING COMPETENCE IN THE PROCESS OF PHYSİCS EDUCATION
The rapid development of information and communication technologies has significantly transformed educational practices, particularly in science education. One of the essential competencies required in modern education is information modeling competence, which enables learners to represent, analyze, and interpret physical phenomena through various models. This article examines the formation of information modeling competence in the process of physics education. The study explores theoretical foundations, pedagogical approaches, and digital technologies that support the development of modeling skills among students. Special attention is given to computer simulations, virtual laboratories, mathematical modeling, and problem-based learning as effective tools for enhancing students’ understanding of physical concepts.
Information modeling, physics education, modeling competence, digital technologies, computer simulation, scientific literacy, problem-based learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF FAYZULLA KHOJAYEV
This article discusses some issues related to the political activities of Fayzulla Khojayev, one of the representatives and reformers of Bukhara Jadidism, an intellectual and a major political figure. In particular, his management activities in the Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic(Bukharan SSR), reformist directions, and role in strengthening national statehood are historically highlighted.
Bukhara, Young Bukhara people, Fayzulla Khojayev, Jadidism, Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic, socio-political life.
LONG-TERM DYNAMICS AND TERRITORIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS INCIDENCE IN ANDIJAN REGION (2015–2025)
Pulmonary tuberculosis remains one of the major epidemiological and social problems of the global healthcare system. The risk of disease spread is especially high in densely populated regions with active migration processes. Andijan region is considered one of such territories with high population density and urbanization. Aim. To conduct a retrospective analysis of the long-term dynamics and territorial epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in Andijan region during 2015-2025. Materials and Methods. Retrospective epidemiological, statistical, and comparative analysis methods were used in the study. Official statistical data of the Sanitary-Epidemiological Service of Andijan region for 2015-2025 were analyzed. Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 population, and territories were classified according to epidemiological risk levels. Results and Discussion. The study revealed an overall decreasing trend in pulmonary tuberculosis incidence; however, epidemic increases were observed during 2015-2017 and in 2019. The incidence rates were unevenly distributed across territories. The highest indicators were recorded in Khanabad city, Kurgantepa, Andijan, and Jalakuduk districts. High incidence rates were associated with population density, migration activity, and socio-demographic factors. Conclusions. Pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in Andijan region is characterized by territorial heterogeneity and persistent epidemic activity in high-risk areas. Strengthening early detection, targeted screening, contact monitoring, and preventive measures is essential for reducing morbidity.
Pulmonary tuberculosis, epidemiological analysis, morbidity dynamics, territorial characteristics, retrospective analysis, incidence rate, Andijan region.
TRANSLATIONAL DIVERGENCES IN THE GEOGRAPHY AND THEONYMY OF THE AVESTA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FIRST FARGARD OF THE VIDEVDAT
This article focuses on the comparative philological and historical analysis of the first fargard of the Videvdat (Vendidad) section of the "Avesta." It examines structural discrepancies, theonymic variations, and geographical localizations across three major modern translations: Asqar Mahkam’s Uzbek edition, James Darmesteter’s English translation, and I.M. Steblin-Kamensky’s Russian translation. Through meticulous textual mapping, the study illuminates how variations in verse division, different renderings of ancient deities and heroes (e.g., Angra Mainyu vs. Ahriman, Thraetaona vs. Faridun), and divergent accounts of Ahriman’s adversarial creations distort historical and geographic interpretations. The findings emphasize the need for unified source-critical methods when analyzing ancient Central Asian texts to avoid unreliable historical conclusions.
Avesta, Videvdat, first fargard, Ahura Mazda, Angra Mainyu, Asqar Mahkam, James Darmesteter, Steblin-Kamensky, geographical localization, textual variance, historical source criticism.
STАTE POLICY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NАTIONАL HАNDICRАFTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTАN
This аrticle аnаlyzes the legаl foundаtions for the development of nаtionаl hаndicrаfts in the Republic of Uzbekistаn, including lаws, presidentiаl decrees, аnd government resolutions аdopted during the yeаrs of independence. It аlso highlights the estаblishment of the “Hunаrmаnd” Аssociаtion аnd the reforms implemented to support аrtisаns.
Hаndicrаfts, entrepreneurship, legаl frаmework, “Hunаrmаnd” Аssociаtion, stаte policy, decree, resolution, nаtionаl heritаge.
THE CIVILIZATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE TIMURID PERIOD
This article examines the scientific, cultural, and civilizational significance of the Timurid era and analyzes its study in modern historiography. Special attention is given to the role of Amir Temur and his successors in promoting science, education, architecture, and state administration throughout Central Asia. The research highlights the development of major scientific centers such as Samarkand, Bukhara, and Herat, as well as the contributions of outstanding scholars including Mirzo Ulugbek, Qozizoda Rumi, Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi, and Ali Qushji. The study investigates the importance of historical sources, particularly the works of Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi, Nizamiddin Shami, and Ibn Arabshah, in understanding the political, cultural, and intellectual achievements of the Timurid period. Furthermore, it evaluates the transformation of Timurid studies during the years of Uzbekistan’s independence, emphasizing new methodological approaches and the growing interest in the Timurid legacy at both national and international levels. The findings demonstrate that the Timurid era played a crucial role in preserving and advancing the traditions of the Eastern Renaissance and made a lasting contribution to world civilization.
Timurid era, Amir Temur, Timurids, Eastern Renaissance, Mirzo Ulugbek, Samarkand Observatory, historiography, science and education, cultural heritage, civilization, Ziji Kuragani, historical sources, Central Asia, Timurid studies, world civilization.
DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the formation of civil society institutions, their legal and institutional foundations, and their significance in the system of democratic governance in contemporary Uzbekistan on the basis of a political-institutional approach. It examines the role of non-governmental non-profit organizations, public oversight, the mass media, mahalla institutions, public councils, and civic initiatives in increasing the openness of public administration. Civil society institutions are assessed as an important system of institutions that ensure democratic legitimacy, social trust, and political communication. The article also advances scholarly conclusions regarding existing problems in the development of these institutions and the priority directions for their further improvement.
Civil society, non-governmental non-profit organizations, public oversight, democratic governance, social partnership, political institutions, New Uzbekistan, civic engagement, democratic legitimacy, political communication.
ENSURING THE LIQUIDITY OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES
This article examines the issues of ensuring the liquidity of economic entities operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the course of the research, the opinions of economists regarding the liquidity of economic entities were studied, and an analysis of the liquidity of economic entities operating in Uzbekistan was conducted. Based on the results of the analysis, relevant conclusions and proposals were developed.
Economic entities, financial stability, liquidity, balance sheet liquidity, asset liquidity, solvency.
DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY INDUSTRY IN UZBEKISTAN
Along with the large-scale reforms carried out in Uzbekistan in recent years, the energy sector has entered a stage of institutional renewal, technological modernization and diversification of sources. The article analyzes the historical stages of electrification in Uzbekistan, the establishment and development of the national power system, the role of hydropower and thermal power plants, the transformation of “Uzbekenergo” and “Uzbekhydroenergo”, as well as recent trends related to solar, wind, hydropower and energy storage projects.
Electricity, energy, power system, hydropower, thermal power plant, station, photovoltaic, steam-gas technology, Bozsuv, Uzbekenergo, Uzbekhydroenergo, Tollimarjon, renewable energy, modernization.
TOPONYMY OF THE SURKHANDARYA OASIS IN THE WORK "TOHFAT-UL-KHANIY" AND THEIR HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
This article is devoted to the historical and geographical analysis of the toponyms of the Surkhandarya oasis as reflected in Muhammad Wafa Karminagi’s "Tuhfat al-Khani," an essential primary source on 18th-century Bukhara Khanate history. The study examines the context and historical events associated with strategic locations such as Hisar, Termez, Boysun, Sherobod, Qubodiyon, Dehnav, and Sarijo’y during Muhammad Rahim Khan’s centralization campaigns. Furthermore, the article provides an etymological analysis of these toponyms based on the "Farhangi Tafsirii Zaboni Tojiki" dictionary, highlighting the region's ethnic landscape and its significance in the socio-political life of the Manghit dynasty.
Bukhara Khanate, Muhammad Wafa Karminagi,
TYPES OF BOWS AND ARROWS IN TURKIC MILITARY ART
The military success of the ancient Turkic states was closely connected with the development of advanced archery traditions. Among the various military technologies employed by Turkic warriors, composite bows and specialized arrows occupied a central position. This article examines the main types of bows and arrows used in Turkic military art, their construction, tactical functions, and contribution to military effectiveness. Using historical-comparative and source analysis methods, the study demonstrates that the diversity of bow and arrow types significantly enhanced the combat capabilities of Turkic armies and contributed to their dominance across the Eurasian steppes. The findings reveal that Turkic archery traditions influenced the military systems of later nomadic empires, including the Mongols and the Timurids.
Turkic military art, composite bow, arrows, mounted archery, Turkic Khaganate, military technology, steppe warfare, nomadic armies, military tactics, archery traditions.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SYSTEMIC-SYNERGETIC APPROACH IN SOLVING THE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE ARAL SEA REGION
This article examines the ecological problems of the Aral Sea region through the prism of the systemic-synergetic approach. The Aral Sea crisis is interpreted as a multi-level systemic phenomenon formed as a result of the complex interaction of ecological, economic, social, and demographic factors. Based on the key principles of systemic-synergetic methodology—open systems, self-organization, nonlinearity, bifurcation, and cooperation—the current condition and development prospects of the Aral Sea region are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical and methodological foundations of ensuring environmental security, promoting a green economy, and strengthening regional cooperation.
Aral Sea region, ecological crisis, systems approach, synergetics, environmental security, sustainable development, green economy, climate change, regional cooperation.
This article analyzes the construction history, architectural features, and place of the Sayid Atalyk madrasah in Denau – one of the ancient cities of the Surkhandarya oasis – within the architecture of the Denau bekdom.
Nakshbandia order, Juybari khojas, Sayid Atalyk madrasah,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION MORBIDITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This study presents a retrospective epidemiological analysis of meningococcal infection morbidity in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The aim of the study was to examine long-term trends in disease incidence as well as spatial patterns of its distribution across administrative territories. During the analysis, statistical data on registered cases of meningococcal infection throughout the country were reviewed, and temporal changes in incidence rates were assessed. The territorial analysis revealed elevated incidence levels in certain cities and districts, indicating an uneven spatial distribution of the epidemiological process. The findings demonstrate the dynamic character of the epidemiological situation with regard to meningococcal infection and persistently elevated morbidity in specific regions. This underscores the necessity of strengthening preventive measures and improving early case detection. The results are of practical importance for enhancing epidemiological surveillance and developing targeted prevention strategies for meningococcal infection.
Meningococcal infection, children, prevention.
CREATIVE APPROACHES OF A PRIMARY TEACHER IN FORMING A STUDENT'S PERSONALITY: ANALYSIS OF MODERN EXPERIENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS
This article analyzes the pedagogical and psychological significance of a teacher's creativity in the formation of primary school students as individuals. In the modern education system, the priority task is not only to impart knowledge, but also to reveal the student's internal potential, to form independent and critical thinking skills in him. The article scientifically and practically substantiates the effectiveness of the teacher's creative approaches in the teaching process - creating non-standard situations, game technologies and project-based learning methods. The article also discusses the impact of the teacher's creative potential on the social adaptation and spiritual development of students. The analysis conducted during the research shows that students studying in a creative environment demonstrate higher cognitive activity and emotional stability compared to the traditional form of teaching. At the end of the article, practical recommendations are given for primary school teachers to improve the effectiveness of the lesson.
Creative pedagogy, primary education, personality formation, innovative methods, teacher skills, cognitive activity, non-standard lesson, didactic games, pedagogical skills, modern approach
METHODOLOGY FOR ORGANIZING TUTORING ACTIVITIES IN DISTANCE AND BLENDED LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PROSECUTORIAL STAFF
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations for organizing tutoring activities in distance and blended forms of professional development for prosecutorial staff. Within the framework of the study, the content, functions, rights, and responsibilities of tutoring activities in a digital educational environment, as well as their distinctive features compared to traditional teaching activities, were comparatively analyzed.
Tutoring activity, distance education, blended learning, professional development, prosecutorial bodies, andragogy, pedagogical design, individual learning trajectory, digital educational environment.
THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY АND THE CONCEPTUАL FEАTURES OF SUFI GNOSEOLOGY
The problem of knowledge hаs occupied а centrаl plаce in the history of philosophy since аntiquity. Philosophers from Аncient Greece, the Islаmic intellectuаl trаdition, аnd modern Europeаn schools аttempted to explаin the nаture, source, limits, аnd methods of humаn cognition. Within this broаd epistemologicаl discourse, Sufi gnoseology emerged аs а unique spirituаl-philosophicаl аpproаch thаt emphаsized inner purificаtion, divine illuminаtion, аnd mysticаl intuition аs essentiаl meаns of аttаining truth. This аrticle exаmines the historicаl development of epistemology аnd аnаlyzes the conceptuаl foundаtions of Sufi gnoseology. Pаrticulаr аttention is devoted to the philosophicаl views of Jаlаl аl-Din Rumi, Аbu Hаmid аl-Ghаzаli, Ibn Аrаbi, Nаjmiddin Kubro, аnd Bаhouddin Nаqshbаnd.
Epistemology, Sufi gnoseology, mysticаl cognition, mа’rifа, qаlb, ruh, kаshf, irfаn, Jаlаluddin Rumi, Аl-Ghаzаli, Ibn Аrаbi, Nаjmiddin Kubro, Bаhouddin Nаqshbаnd, spirituаl purificаtion, divine illuminаtion.
SPATIAL INEQUALITY IN THE SOVIET HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: THE CASE OF RURAL HEALTHCARE IN THE SURKHANDARYA REGION (1940 - 1960)
This article analyzes the state of rural healthcare institutions in the Surkhandarya region between 1940 and 1960, focusing on their material-technical base and staffing levels. It demonstrates that due to the extensive development of the healthcare system during the Soviet era – prioritizing quantitative indicators over qualitative ones – most medical facilities in the region were housed in adapted buildings and lacked modern medical equipment. Furthermore, the study highlights that physicians with higher education worked primarily in urban and district centers, while the rural population was largely served by secondary medical personnel, resulting in a low quality of care.
Rural healthcare, feldsher-midwife station (FMS), rural district hospital, outpatient services, medical personnel, physician shortage
CRIMINAL-LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RECIDIVISM
Recidivism represents one of the most complex and socially dangerous manifestations of multiple crimes within the criminal law of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It not only demonstrates the limited effectiveness of previous punitive and corrective measures but also significantly heightens the level of public danger and undermines public confidence in the justice system. This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the criminal-legal characteristics of recidivism, its conceptual foundations, mandatory features, types, and practical problems of qualification in accordance with the current legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular emphasis is placed on the provisions of Article 34 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which establishes a differentiated system comprising simple recidivism, dangerous recidivism, and especially dangerous recidivism. The study explores the close interrelation between recidivism and the institution of criminal record, the rules governing multiple crimes, the impact of recidivism on the individualization of punishment, and its role as an aggravating circumstance. Furthermore, the article addresses contemporary challenges in judicial practice, the balance between the principles of justice, humanism, and public protection, and the directions for further improvement of criminal-legal regulation in the context of the criminal policy of New Uzbekistan. Despite ongoing legislative reforms aimed at humanization, recidivism continues to pose serious theoretical and practical issues that require deep scientific understanding and effective law enforcement mechanisms.
Recidivism, multiple crimes, criminal record, dangerous recidivism, especially dangerous recidivism, qualification of crimes, sentencing rules, Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, criminal policy, New Uzbekistan, repeated criminality.
CHALLENGES OF INVESTMENT IN TEACHER DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES
The paper examined challenges of investment in teacher development education in Nigerian Universities. The study made use of secondary data for its analysis. The paper premised on the fact that teacher education programme is directed towards the development of teacher proficiency and competence that would enable and empower the teacher to meet the requirements of the profession and face the challenges therein. In the light of this, the paper observed that challenging factors such as funding and lack of respect for teacher education has been found as what has limited teacher education in Nigeria. This leads to the paper concluding that, achieving quality education would be a mirage if teacher education is not improved and taken cognizance off. The paper suggested amongst others that government should provide adequate funding as well as instructional materials for the training of teachers in the different programme in teacher education in the country.
Teacher Education, Investment, Development, Universities, Students.
THE IMPOSTOR PHENOMENON AND THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF SELF-EVALUATION, SELF-ESTEEM, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AMONG UZBEK YOUTH
Background. The impostor phenomenon (IP) — the persistent belief that one’s achievements are undeserved, accompanied by a fear of being “exposed” as a fraud — has been increasingly linked to social media environments that amplify upward social comparison and dependence on external validation. This study examined social-media-related negative self-evaluation, global self-esteem, and depressive symptoms through the theoretical lens of the impostor phenomenon among Uzbek youth. Methods. A secondary analysis was conducted on data from 1,605 respondents aged 17–35 years who completed an 18-item Uzbek-language questionnaire measuring the negative impact of social media on self-esteem (with three subscales: body image and emotional impact, social comparison and low self-worth, and dependence on external validation), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Raven’s Progressive Matrices. Correlational analyses, group comparisons, and an exploratory mediation analysis were performed. An integrative model of the impostor phenomenon guided interpretation. Results. Negative self-evaluation from social media correlated strongly and negatively with self-esteem (r = −.595, p < .001) and positively with depressive symptoms (r = .404, p < .001), but negligibly with intelligence (r = .034, ns). The impostor-relevant subscales — dependence on external validation and social comparison/low self-worth — showed the expected moderate associations with low self-esteem (r = −.452 and −.448) and depression (r = .306 and .327). Group differences by sex, age, and daily usage duration were small or nonsignificant (all η² ≤ .004), indicating that the experience is broadly distributed and not primarily a function of time online.
Impostor phenomenon; impostor syndrome; social media; self-esteem; social comparison; external validation; depressive symptoms; Uzbek youth.
AN ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN AND NATIONAL RESEARCH ON DEVELOPING CULTURAL AND SOCIAL SKILLS THROUGH DIGITAL TOURISM
The rapid expansion of digital tourism has changed the way individuals encounter cultural heritage, communicate with representatives of different communities and participate in tourism-related learning. Digital platforms, virtual tours, augmented reality, online museum resources, QR-based information systems and digital storytelling tools are no longer limited to destination promotion; they increasingly function as educational environments for developing cultural awareness and social communication skills. This article analyzes foreign and national research devoted to the development of cultural and social skills through digital tourism. The study is based on a comparative literature review of international scientific works, policy documents and national studies related to digital tourism, smart tourism, cultural heritage, tourism education and intercultural competence. The findings show that foreign research mainly emphasizes digital competence, intercultural communication, user experience, social inclusion and sustainable tourism education, whereas national research, particularly in Uzbekistan, focuses more on digitalization of tourism infrastructure, promotion of cultural heritage, smart tourism mechanisms and sustainable development of heritage destinations. The article concludes that digital tourism can become an effective pedagogical and socio-cultural tool if it is integrated with interactive learning, local cultural content, multilingual communication and community-based tourism practices.
Digital tourism, cultural skills, social skills, intercultural communication, smart tourism, cultural heritage, tourism education, Uzbekistan, digital competence, sustainable tourism.
PRIORITY DIRECTIONS FOR ENHANCING YOUTH PATRIOTISM IN THE CONDITIONS OF NEW UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the priority directions for enhancing youth patriotism in the context of New Uzbekistan from a socio-philosophical perspective. In the context of globalization and digital transformation, the issues of forming national identity, civic responsibility, and patriotic values among young people are examined. The study highlights the role of the education system, mass media, social networks, and state policy in shaping youth upbringing. The author proposes improving spiritual and educational activities, introducing innovative approaches, and ensuring the harmony of national and universal values as key priority directions for strengthening youth patriotism.
Patriotism, youth, spiritual transformation, national identity, globalization, civic responsibility, social activity, education, New Uzbekistan.
DECORATIVE DESIGNS OF SPHEROCONICAL VESSELS: THE EXAMPLE OF THE OLD TERMIZ MONUMENT
Among more than 50 monuments in Central Asia, more than 300 “simobko‘zacha” - spheroconical vessels - were discovered during archaeological research conducted in various years in Old Termez. Spherocones - are vessels from the Middle Ages, made mainly by potters, distinguished from other ceramic products by their sturdy, thick-walled, small rim, narrow neck, variously shaped belly, and often conical bottom. These types of finds are significant because they are widespread in the Muslim East. Debates about these findings have been ongoing among scientists and enthusiasts since the early 19th century. The main cause of the controversy is the question of what the function of the mercury jars is. Spheroconical vessels found at the ancient Termez monument are currently kept in the Medieval Fund of the Termez Archaeological Museum. They have types that differ from each other in morphological structure, capacity, and decoration. This article discusses the decorations and their types found on Old Termez spheroconical vessels. The ornaments were applied to the surface of the dishes before firing, using stamps or pointed tools. Each ornament has its own meaning.
Old Termez, epigraphic, Circular groove (pits), B.A. Litvinsky. Haytabad.
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL AND HUMANITIES DISCIPLINES IN FOSTERING TOLERANCE AMONG THE YOUTH OF NEW UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the role and importance of social and humanities disciplines in shaping tolerance, interethnic harmony, and humanistic values in the minds of the younger generation in New Uzbekistan. The author explores ways to elevate the worldview, spiritual level, and communication culture of young people through disciplines such as philosophy, history, sociology, psychology, political science, and cultural studies. The article describes methods of promoting tolerance in the educational process, modern approaches to moral and spiritual education, and the scientific-theoretical foundations for establishing tolerance in the consciousness of youth. The research results show that strengthening the role of social and humanities disciplines in the education system serves to reinforce an environment of harmony and mutual respect among young people.
Tolerance, social and humanities disciplines, youth, New Uzbekistan, spirituality, education, humanism.
THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S SOCIAL ACTIVITY IN THE LIFE OF SOCIETY: A PEDAGOGICAL ANALYSIS
This article analyzes the role of women’s social activity in the life of society from a pedagogical perspective. In the contemporary world, women’s participation in education, family upbringing, professional activity, civic initiatives, leadership, social protection and community development is considered an important indicator of social progress. The article emphasizes that women’s social activity is not limited to economic or political participation; it also includes moral education, social responsibility, cultural continuity, human capital development and the formation of democratic values among the younger generation. The purpose of the study is to reveal the pedagogical significance of women’s social activity and to identify the educational mechanisms that strengthen women’s participation in society. The research is based on theoretical analysis, comparative approach, content analysis of international documents and pedagogical interpretation. The results show that women’s active participation contributes to the development of social stability, civic consciousness, family culture, educational quality and inclusive social relations. The article concludes that gender-sensitive education, lifelong learning, leadership training and the elimination of stereotypes are essential pedagogical tools for increasing women’s social activity.
Women’s social activity, pedagogy, gender equality, education, social development, civic participation, women’s empowerment, family education.
SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WORKING WITH LONELY OLDER ADULTS
The phenomenon of loneliness among older adults has become one of the most urgent socio-gerontological issues in modern society. Population ageing, the transformation of family relations, migration, urbanization, retirement, health limitations, and digital inequality have significantly changed the social position of elderly people. Loneliness in old age is not only an emotional or psychological condition but also a complex social phenomenon connected with weakening social ties, loss of social roles, limited participation in community life, and insufficient institutional support. This article analyzes the sociological aspects of working with lonely older adults from the perspective of social integration, social capital, intergenerational solidarity, community-based care, and social policy. The study emphasizes that effective work with lonely elderly people requires a systematic approach involving family, community, healthcare institutions, social services, non-governmental organizations, and state policy. The article argues that loneliness among older adults should be understood as a form of social vulnerability and potential social exclusion, and therefore it must be addressed through preventive, inclusive, and humanistic mechanisms of social support.
Older adults, loneliness, social isolation, sociology of ageing, socio-gerontology, social work, social support, social exclusion, intergenerational solidarity, elderly care.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE AK-SARAY PALACE DURING THE REIGN OF AMIR TEMUR AND ITS POLITICAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the construction process, architectural design, and political, military, and cultural significance of the Oqsaroy majmuasi built during the reign of Amir Temur. The study aims to examine the palace not only as an architectural monument but also as a complex socio-political institution that reflects the state-building strategies and ideological foundations of the Timurid Empire. The research is based on a combination of historical-analytical and comparative methods, utilizing both primary historical sources and modern scholarly literature. Particular attention is given to the technological aspects of construction, including foundation engineering, water supply systems, and structural organization. The findings reveal that the Ak-Saray Palace was constructed using advanced engineering techniques for its time, such as layered foundations with water stabilization, long-distance water transportation systems, and fortified defensive towers.
Ak-Saray, Amir Temur, Timurid period, architecture, palace architecture, urban planning, monumental construction, engineering innovations, water supply systems, Shahrisabz, historical monument, political center, cultural heritage.
THE HISTORY OF THE AMIR TEMUR ERA IN WESTERN HISTORIOGRAPHY
This article scientifically analyzes the study of Amir Temur and the Timurid period in Western historiography, as well as the views of European scholars, writers, and orientalists. It examines how the image of Sahibqiran was portrayed in Western literature and historical sources, and how his state administration, military strategy, and cultural heritage were evaluated.
Amir Temur, Timurids, Western historiography, world history, oriental studies, Clavijo, Barthold.
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF STEAM EDUCATION AND THE FORMATION OF NEW GENERATION THINKING: HARMONY OF INNOVATIVE WORLDVIEW AND SPIRITUAL MATURITY
This article analyzes the essence of STEAM education, its role in shaping the mindset of the new generation, and the harmony between an innovative worldview and spiritual maturity from a philosophical perspective. It demonstrates that under the conditions of accelerating digital transformation, the STEAM approach not only develops technical and scientific competencies but also fosters qualities such as creativity, critical thinking, and moral responsibility. The article highlights the integrative and comprehensive nature of STEAM education in forming the cognitive culture, cognitive flexibility, and spiritual maturity of the new generation.
STEAM education, innovative thinking, worldview of the new generation, spiritual maturity, integrative approach, digital transformation, creative thinking, cognitive culture, spiritual values, philosophical foundations.