https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/issue/feed American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences 2024-10-30T09:53:48+00:00 Open Journal Systems <p>American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences is an open access peer reviewed journal. The journal is double blind peer reviewed. The journal publishes the research in the field of humanities and social sciences. </p> <p><strong>ISSN (E):</strong> 2832-8019 <strong>JIF 2024:</strong> 9.445</p> https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2349 A STUDY SHOWING THE PREVALENCE OF FRAUD AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF TEACHERS AND TEACHERS OF HISTORY 2024-10-05T16:12:40+00:00 Hayder jalil fadhl Al-Jodi hayder.j@s.uokerbala.edu.iq <p>The current objective of the research is to ascertain the prevalence of fraud among high school students, and to identify which areas are more conducive to the prevalence of fraud among students through the percentage obtained by the field according to the order.<br>Research Limits School and History Teachers for High School at Day Schools for Diwaniyah Governorate and for School Year (2023-2024), in order to achieve the research objectives, the survey curriculum was used, and the scale was built in the final form after completing a condition of honesty, consistency and power was discriminatory, and its number of paragraphs (27) A paragraph, spread over three axes, and alternatives to answering each paragraph, were to a degree (Very large, large, medium, weak, very weak).<br>The tool was applied to the members of the sample of 368 teachers and schools in Diwaniyah governorate and its district and district for the academic year (2023-2024). The SPSS was used to analyze the data, and the results were shown as follows: 1- The total sample responses received a percentage of up to 82.796%. This shows us that the degree of prevalence of secondary fraud received a large percentage.2- The research areas were arranged according to the effects obtained after the interpretation of the results, showing that the educational impact received a percentage up to (84.620%) which made it the first of the fields, while the second position became the share of social impact after achieving a ratio of up to (81.793%), and lastly the scientific impact was ranked third with a percentage (81.661%), and from the foregoing we showed that all the fields got a (large) degree of influence.</p> 2024-10-05T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2352 THE PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHICAL-ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE RELIGIOUS-PHILOSOPHICAL TEACHING OF IBN AL-ARABI 2024-10-07T11:13:01+00:00 Mirzayev Akhrorjon Azamovich axrorjon.mirzayev@ferpi.uz <p>This scientific article briefly addresses Ibn al-Arabi's mysticism, the general direction of his mysticism, the natural structure of humans, the history of natural structure, His divine-religious views in the fields of philosophy and mysticism, his scientific works and their meaning and essence.</p> 2024-10-07T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2353 THE IMPORTANCE OF STORYTELLING IN FOSTERING CHILDREN’S SPEECH IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES DURING PRELIMINARY EDUCATION 2024-10-07T19:12:48+00:00 Eshim Mardanov Mardanova@mail.uz <p>This article is concerned with the usage and application of stories in preliminary education in order to develop oral speech of children in foreign languages, especially in English. The authors discuss and provide comparison and analysis of the ways in which stories in different genres can be implemented in practice and what sorts of activities can be used for each type of genre.</p> 2024-10-07T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2355 THE CONCEPT OF “UNORGANIZED YOUTH” AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 2024-10-09T15:23:32+00:00 Sharapov B.M. sharapovamash@mail.ru <p>This article reveals the concept of unorganized youth, the specifics of unorganized youth, as well as issues of improving work with unorganized youth.</p> 2024-10-09T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2360 THE ROLE OF HELPING VERBS IN UZBEK AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION TOOL 2024-10-11T07:08:30+00:00 Ziyamova Shahlo Odiljanovna Ziyamova@gmail.com <p>The importance of assisting verbs in the Uzbek language is examined in this article, with an emphasis on their function in second language acquisition (SLA). Auxiliary verbs, sometimes known as helping verbs, play important grammatical roles in the construction of aspect, tense, and mood—all of which are necessary for clear communication. The examination makes use of a number of linguistic frameworks, instructional techniques, and empirical research to show how learners of Uzbek as a second language can improve their proficiency by comprehending and applying helpful verbs.</p> 2024-10-11T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2361 PARADIGMS REPRESENTING CHARACTER QUANTITY CHANGES AT THE PHONOLOGICAL/PHONETIC LEVEL IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES 2024-10-11T07:10:40+00:00 Dilobar Azimova Dilobar@gmail.com <p>This article devoted to the study paradigms representing character quantity changes at the phonological/phonetic level in English and Uzbek languages. As recognized in theoretical linguistics, language units have basically three types of relationships, i.e. syntagmatic, paradigmatic and hierarchical relationships. The important features (signs) of linguistic units are first determined on the basis of each level system, and then on the basis of the systems located below and above this level. if we take into account the theory of language-speech opposition of modern linguistics, we should call the level where sound types exist not "phonetic level", but "phonological level", to support such a view in linguistics.</p> 2024-10-09T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2362 EVALUATION OF DYNAMICS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR RESPIRATORY ALLERGOSIS 2024-10-11T07:14:30+00:00 F. Kh. Irsalieva irsalieva73@mail.ru K. F. Nizamov nimatxodjaevanasiba@gmail.com <p>The dynamics of different treatment methods with different treatment methods was assessed in 120 patients with pollen sensitization. The indicators of the quality of life of patients improved with the use of both specific and non-specific methods of treatment (p &lt;0.05). The best results were obtained with the use of allergen-specific immunotherapy, autoserotherapy (p &lt;0.001).</p> 2024-10-11T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2366 THE MODEL OF ORGANIZATION OF MANAGEMENT COUNCILS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS 2024-10-11T09:38:27+00:00 Yakubov Azizjon Tojiboyevich yakubovaferuza72@gmail.com <p>Higher education institutions play an important role in improving the quality of education and ensuring innovative development in modern society. Boards of directors are important in the strategic planning, decision-making and resource management processes of higher education institutions. This article examines the model of organization of management councils in higher education institutions, analyzes its main tasks, composition and ways to improve its effectiveness.</p> 2024-10-11T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2364 AS AN EXAMPLE OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCES ON TECHNOLOGIES OF WORKING WITH YOUNG PEOPLE IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2024-10-11T09:23:18+00:00 Aripova Ziyoda Atkhamovna yakubovaferuza72@gmail.com <p>Technologies for working with young people are important in the higher education system. They serve not only to effectively organize the educational process, but also to ensure social and cultural development among students. Foreign experiences provide interesting examples in this regard.</p> 2024-10-11T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2365 THE CURRENT STATE OF MANAGEMENT OF THE PROCESSES OF ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF STUDENTS IS AN EXAMPLE OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCES 2024-10-11T09:27:52+00:00 Akbarov Behzodbek Saybjon ugli Akbarova@mail.ru <p>Continuous professional practice of students in higher education institutions plays an important role in improving their professional training and preparing them for the labor market. Internships provide an opportunity for students to turn theoretical knowledge into practical skills. This article examines the current state of managing the processes of organizing and conducting continuous professional practice of students on the example of foreign experiences.</p> 2024-10-11T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2370 SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE NEW UZBEKISTAN 2024-10-13T04:21:42+00:00 Aliyev Bekdavlat s.umarjonov@tsue.uz <p>Large-scale reforms are being implemented in the new Uzbekistan in order to create a free civil society and build a humane democratic rule of law state. The main purpose of these reforms is to glorify human dignity, ensure its rights and interests, and their social protection. A striking example of this is that the glorification of a person, the expression of his rights and legitimate interests, and comprehensive development are accepted as the main factor in all reforms implemented in our country. Modern conditions created for people, buildings, squares, avenues and streets in the form of national design attract everyone's attention. Increasing the responsibility of every citizen of society in the implementation of these processes, building a civil society in accordance with national values and traditions has become a requirement of the time. Confidence in the future of the country in the psyche of the people is increasing every day, the philosophical way of thinking of people is changing. The moral environment based on social protection has stabilized, and consistent work has begun to strengthen the role of non-governmental organizations. A scientific and practical approach has been formed to the role of civil society institutions in educating the young generation of the new Uzbekistan with perfect people in all aspects, as well as the organization of clusters such as production, industry, agriculture, agriculture, animal husbandry, aimed at realizing the aspirations of people in the regions, has begun to bring its positive effect. This has opened up wide opportunities for people to take a step towards civil society.</p> 2024-10-12T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2371 HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN UZBEKISTAN 2024-10-13T04:23:44+00:00 Sanjar Sh. Saidov s.saidov.uz@gmail.com Eldorbek Bozorboyev s.saidov.uz@gmail.com <p>This article provides a comprehensive overview of the human capital development policy in Uzbekistan, which is a cornerstone of the nation’s socio-economic transformation. It discusses the strategic initiatives and programs introduced by the government to foster an educated and skilled workforce, essential for advancing towards a competitive, knowledge-based economy. The article highlights key areas of focus, including educational reforms that aim to enhance the quality of primary, secondary, and higher education. It delves into vocational and technical training initiatives designed to address the skills gap in various sectors, aligning educational outcomes with labor market needs. Additionally, the importance of lifelong learning and continuous professional development is emphasized as a means to adapt to the evolving economic landscape. Moreover, the article examines the interplay between human capital and health, asserting that improvements in healthcare access and quality are integral to developing a productive workforce. The analysis underscores the significance of integrated policies that address both education and health as crucial elements of human capital development. The challenges and barriers to effective implementation of these policies are also addressed, including issues related to resource allocation, regional inequalities, and the need for collaborative efforts between government, private sector, and civil society. The article concludes by affirming that sustained investment in human capital is vital for achieving Uzbekistan's development goals and ensuring long-term economic growth.</p> 2024-10-12T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2372 FORMS OF EXISTENCE OF THE UNIVERSE IN FAKHR AL-DIN AL-RAZI 2024-10-13T04:27:21+00:00 Sokhibjon Umarjonov fenomen1993@bk.ru <p>The study examines Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s attitude to the principles of physics and categories such as atom, void, place, time, motion and quiescence, which are the forms of existence of the universe. During the research, the works written by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and the scientific exploration of Western and local orientalists dedicated to the study of the thinker’s life, scientific heritage, religious-philosophical, and metaphysical outlook were used as crucial sources. In recent years, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s personality, scientific heritage, philosophical and religious outlook have been widely studied by Western scientists and are the cause of their great interest. In this regard, during our research, the principles of interrelatedness and systematicity; an attempt was made to solve the problems posed by the topic using research methods such as comparative-historical, hermeneutic, comparative analysis, and scientific objectivity.</p> 2024-10-12T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2373 GOTHIC TOURISM IN CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE'S PLAY "DR. FAUSTUS": AN APPROACH STUDY 2024-10-13T16:11:05+00:00 Athraa Abdul Bari Kadhim adhraaabdalbari@gmail.com <p>Gothic tourism is a new type of tourism and a new concept that has recently been in the discipline of English literature, and it is a distinct form of tourism of special interest that focuses on knowledge of Gothic beauty.<br>This study aims to examine and criticize the concept of Gothic tourism and verify its use in some of the selected texts in Christopher Marlowe's play "Dr. Faustus"<br>This study tries to answer the following questions:<br>1-Is there Gothic tourism in Dr. Faustus play?<br>2-Does Gothic tourism reflect more positive or negative effects?<br>1-Finding out a new type of tourism of special interest in Christopher Marlowe's play "Dr. Faustus".<br>2-Searching on the subject of this tourism because it is little bit exiting and determining the extent of its impact.<br>It is hypothesized that gothic tourism is conceived as a particular form of tourism and can be considered a form of literary tourism. It offers as a link between dark and literary tourism.</p> 2024-10-12T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2374 LITERARY TOURISM IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: AN APPROACH STUDY IN "OEDIPUS THE KING" 2024-10-13T16:13:01+00:00 Athraa Abdul Bari Kadhim adhraaabdalbari@gmail.com Asst. Prof. Zainab Hussein Alwan adhraaabdalbari@gmail.com <p>Literary tourism is an essential type which is tied up with artistic works. It is a relatively new subject and is still under-researched. With the emergence of Covid-19, people resort to travel spiritually and emotionally visiting various places.<br>The current study aims to investigate the utilization of literary tourism in some selected texts of Sophocles' Play "Oedipus the King" with regard to COVID-19.</p> 2024-10-12T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2375 DEVELOPMENT OF CRAFTS IN KASHKADARYA 2024-10-15T08:11:22+00:00 Rakhmatova Mavjuda Rakhmatova@list.ru <p>This article talks about the development of crafts in Kashkadarya. Based on scientific data, the author studied and analyzed the specific aspects of the development of handicrafts in Kashkadarya based on existing literature.</p> 2024-10-14T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2380 THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE ORGANISM DEPENDING ON AGE 2024-10-16T12:37:18+00:00 Qudratova Gulnoza Ulug'bek qizi qudratovag03@gmail.com Arsenova Muhabbat Abdumo'minovna qudratovag03@gmail.com <p>This paper explores the complex relationships between environmental factors and age-related health outcomes by examining how different stages of life affect susceptibility to environmental risks. Factors such as environmental pollution, climate changeability and lifestyle choices can have a significant impact on the human body, which can have different effects depending on age. By analysing the correlation between environmental exposure and age-related changes in physiology and vulnerability to disease, this study aims to fully understand how individuals at different stages of life are exposed to the environment.</p> 2024-10-16T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2386 RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ADOPTING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS AMONG EXECUTIVES 2024-10-20T06:04:00+00:00 Nazarov Azamat Sottarovich Nazarova@gmail.com <p>This article examines religious and socio-psychological factors that influence the process of making management decisions among executives. Various aspects, such as worldview, moral attitudes and influence group, as well as their significance for management effectiveness are analyzed.</p> 2024-10-20T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2387 FAMILY AS A SOCIAL GROUP AND A SOCIAL INSTITUTION 2024-10-20T06:07:28+00:00 Gaibova Nargiza Anorbaevna Gaibova@mail.uz <p>Time goes on, the topic of families, for one reason or another, initially without a child, increasingly acquires, and is associated with the theoretical uncertainty of the scientific status of this type of family structure, as well as the applied significance of research in this area.</p> 2024-10-20T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2388 ENCULTURATION AS A BASIS FOR ORGANIZING THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AT SCHOOL 2024-10-20T06:10:06+00:00 M. M. Nasimjanova Nasimjanova@gmail.com <p>This article discusses the question of what role education plays in the process of inculturation of the individual, with the help of what universal mechanisms this is carried out. It is concluded that nowadays in educational institutions it is necessary to talk not only about improving the process of socialization, which can form not only educated people, but also about creating a full-fledged inculturation process aimed at forming cultured people.</p> 2024-10-20T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2389 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN STUDENTS 2024-10-20T06:12:27+00:00 Akramov Mirmuxsin Rustamovich AkramovAbror@gmail.com <p>In the article there is considered the issue of moral ideas of students during their study in higher education institution</p> 2024-10-20T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2390 FAITH, KNOWLEDGE AND FREEDOM OF BELIEF: OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS IN THE MODERN WORLD 2024-10-20T06:16:13+00:00 Nilufar Tulkunovna Rasulova nilufarchik1984@gmail.com <p>Faith plays a fundamental role in shaping every religion. Belief, in this context, refers to a person's conviction that a certain goal, idea, doctrine, or the existence of an event or entity and its characteristics are true. Trust forms the foundation of belief. However, not every belief becomes a lasting or healthy belief.<br>Belief can exist independently of knowledge, but for it to be strong and healthy, it must be rooted in basic knowledge. This knowledge may stem from reason and logic or metaphorical evidence, such as divine revelations. Belief can be both religious and secular. While religious faith is formed through worship and belief in the supernatural, secular belief is rooted in emotional experience and scientific understanding of the world. This article explores the relationship between belief, knowledge, and faith in contemporary society, as well as the role of tolerance in promoting global peace.</p> 2024-10-20T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2391 THE USE OF VIRTUAL WORLD TOOLS BY ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS 2024-10-20T06:20:40+00:00 Khatamov Boburjon Qosimjon o‘g‘li Khatamova@mail.uz <p>Changes in a child's personality during adolescence. The attitude of representatives of the older generation to the changes in teenagers in the period when the tools of the virtual world became popular. The formation of competences in the correct use of virtual world tools is an important task for our society today.</p> 2024-10-20T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2394 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN THE KATSINA-MARADI-ZAMFARA AREAS OF THE NIGERIA-NIGER BORDERLANDS 2024-10-21T10:43:52+00:00 Dr. Abubakar Sama’ila abubakarismail400@gmail.com Sha’aban Magaji ibnmagaji2@yahoo.com <p>This article examines the inter-community relations between the borderland population of Katsina, Maradi, and Zamfara in the Nigeria-Niger borderlands. Despite the demarcation of the Nigeria-Niger boundary by European powers, the historical, environmental, economic, social, and linguistic similarities have promoted and necessitated relationships between these border areas. This analysis focuses on the impacts of various activities undertaken by the border communities on the development of inter-communal relations.</p> 2024-10-21T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2402 THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURAL CENTERS IN UZBEKISTAN IN INTERNATIONAL HARMONY 2024-10-23T10:16:21+00:00 Davronova Mohigul davronova-sh@mail.ru <p>This article talks about the role of national cultural centers in Uzbekistan in interethnic harmony. The author, relying on scientific data, studied and analyzed the specific aspects of the role of national cultural centers in Uzbekistan in interethnic harmony based on available literature.</p> 2024-10-23T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2416 IMPROVEMENT OF CIVIL LEGAL REGULATION OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS ON MEDICAL SERVICES 2024-10-29T16:14:57+00:00 Abdullaev Jamshid Djamilovich jamshidb003fb@gmail.com <p>The article analyzes the issues of improving the civil legal regulation of some contractual relations in the provision of medical services (liver transplantation, heart stenting, transplantation of human organs and tissues, artificial insemination, kidney transplantation). Also, the issues of sustainable development of medical service contracts in the daily medical contractual practice of developed countries, improvement of civil legal features in terms of contract law, and information on the experience and theoretical knowledge of the world countries in this matter are covered.</p> 2024-10-29T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2418 SEPARATION OF SYNONYMS IN GRAMMAR 2024-10-30T07:05:46+00:00 Suhad Sabah Abdul Qader Suhadsuhad12@gmail.com <p>This research aims to study the topic of "Separation of Collocations in Arabic Grammar", by shedding light on the grammatical phenomenon related to the separation of collocated pairs in the Arabic language, such as the verb and the subject, the noun and the complement, and other collocates. The research deals with the concept of separation and its types from the grammatical and rhetorical aspects, and reviews the cases in which separation is permitted and others in which it is prohibited, with a focus on the rhetorical and grammatical implications that result from that.The descriptive analytical approach was adopted in reviewing grammatical examples from the Arab heritage, explaining how separation contributes to improving the linguistic structure and accurate expression. The research highlights the importance of taking into account grammatical and rhetorical rules in determining the appropriate type of separation, and its impact on the intended meanings.<br>The results show that separation in the Arabic language depends on the type of collocates and the type of separator, which enhances understanding of the relationship between linguistic structures and meanings. The study recommends further research in this field to develop a methodology for analyzing linguistic structures in the Arabic language.</p> 2024-10-29T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024 https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajrhss/article/view/2419 MULTİPLE ASPECTS OF GRAMMAR İN THE BOOKS OF GRAMMAR OF THE HOLY QURAN - A COMPARATİVE STUDY 2024-10-30T09:53:48+00:00 Suhad Sabah Abdul Qader Suhadsuhad12@gmail.com <p>This research studied the multiplicity of grammatical aspects of a single word in the Holy Quran under the title "Multiplicity of grammatical aspects in the books of grammar of the Holy Quran" A comparative study, and the research showed the differences in the multiple grammatical aspects that occur in a non-grammatical chapter, and dealt with the presentation and analysis of the most important opinions, and the reason for these differences that occurred between grammarians, and also studied the methods that can be relied upon to overcome these differences, and the way to prefer one opinion over another, and how we can classify the grammatical chapter of the word in which the disagreement occurred. The research was more interested in the meaning that the grammatical movement conveys than in the grammatical movement itself.<br>It became clear to me that some of these classifications - the books of grammar of the Holy Quran - were copying from their predecessors, and some of them were satisfied with merely mentioning these grammatical aspects without preferring one aspect over another, while a third group came with the multiple aspects and discussed them in a discussion that reflects a rare mentality, and in general, the grammarians of Arabic proved that they are truly the guardians of the sciences of language and grammar and that they came with what no one else came with, as they applied reason in Their opinions, and they excelled in graduating their issues</p> 2024-10-29T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2024