American Journal of Pedagogical and Educational Research
American Journal of Pedagogical and Educational Research is an peer reviewed International, open access journal. This journal publishes the articles in the field of formal, Non formal education, Physical Education and Sports Science. Authors can submit original research for the double blind peer reviewed journal. ISSN (E): 2832-9791 JIF : 9.335
SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF TRADE OBJECTS, PROPERTY, AND CAPITAL IN DARI COMMERCIAL TERMINOLOGY
This article explores the semantic classification of lexical units related to trade and commercial activities in the Dari language, specifically the names of trade objects, property, and capital. The “Commercial Law” of Afghanistan (Qânun-e tejârat) was selected as the research object, where the units are systematized according to their nominative-functional roles. Descriptive methods, component analysis, and lexical-semantic field analysis were employed during the research. The results indicate that the concepts of property and capital in Dari commercial lexis form a broad socio-legal system encompassing not only physical items but also intangible assets. The study concludes that the commercial terminology of the Dari language is a legally stable and logically structured terminological system.
Dari language, commercial terminology, trade objects, property, capital, semantic classification, Qânun-e tejârat, terminological system.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE IMPACT OF EXOGENOUS PROCESSES ON LANDSCAPE STABILITY IN THE FOOTHILL AREAS OF THE FERGHANA VALLEY
This article analyzes the impact of exogenous processes (erosion, mudslides, landslides) on the natural stability of the foothill landscapes in the Fergana Valley. The study examines the relief and hydrographic conditions of the region, as well as the degradation processes caused by human activity. Based on the research, geographically grounded solutions for rational management of foothill areas, identification of high-risk zones, and maintaining landscape stability are proposed.
Foothill landscapes, exogenous processes, erosion, mudslide, landscape stability, Fergana Valley, natural hazards, phytomelioration.
THE ARTISTIC EXPRESSION OF THE CONCEPTS OF SPIRITUALITY AND LOYALTY THROUGH THE IMAGE OF "QORAKO‘Z MAJNUN" IN SAID AHMAD'S SHORT STORIES
This article examines the artistic interpretation of loyalty, faithfulness, and spiritual values in Said Ahmad's short story Qorako‘z Majnun. Through the characters of Saodat Aya and Qorako‘z, the story portrays the profound spiritual bond between humans and animals, the highest expression of loyalty, and the significance of national and religious-moral values in society. The symbolic meaning of the narrative is interpreted in harmony with the principles of kindness, compassion, and faithfulness reflected in the Qur'an and the Hadiths. The study concludes that Qorako‘z Majnun is one of the most influential works of Uzbek prose, artistically expressing the concepts of loyalty and spirituality with deep philosophical and aesthetic significance.
Loyalty, faithfulness, spirituality, character, symbol, humanity, religious and moral values, symbolism, artistic interpretation.
SELECTION OF THE RANGE OF VARIABLE PARAMETERS IN A FRUCTOCONE DEVICE BASED ON VISUAL EVALUATION IN MATLAB ENVIRONMENT
The article develops a methodology for determining the range of variable parameters for planning experiments in a wet dust collector comprising a water spray nozzle, a truncated-cone flow guide, a cylindrical working pipe, and a slurry separation chamber. The objects of research were the dusty gas inlet and the main working pipe, with a diameter of 120 mm. The inlet gas velocity υ gas =5–25 m/s, the truncated cone working diameter d k =80, 90, 100 mm, and the water consumption Q s =0.07–0.378 m³/h were selected. The ranges were justified using gas consumption, cross-section ratio, conditional velocity in the cone zone, liquid-gas ratio, relative hydraulic resistance index, and an integrated visual assessment criterion developed in MATLAB. According to the results of computational-visual analysis, the range of d k = 90 mm, υ gas = 10–20 m/s, and Q s = 0.147–0.301 m³/h was selected as the initial rational experimental zone. However, the full study showed that it would be appropriate to maintain all specified ranges for assessing the boundary conditions, while d k = 90 mm, υ gas = 10–20 m/s, and Q s = 0.147–0.301 m³/h should be taken as the main concluding choice for the experimental range.
Wet dust collector, water curtain, truncated cone, gas velocity, water consumption, MATLAB, visual assessment criterion, L/G ratio, hydraulic resistance.
EXAMINING INDECENT DRESSING ON SOCIAL STUDIES STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
This investigation looked at how social studies students' academic performance at Nigerian tertiary institutions was affected by indecent clothing: Two research questions and two null hypotheses are put forth in order to successfully conduct this inquiry. The study used a descriptive survey research approach. All social studies students enrolled in postsecondary educational institutions in the state made up the study's population. The study used a purposively random selection technique to choose 215 participants from five state-run postsecondary institutions. The questionnaire served as the tool for gathering data. The t-test is used to assess the study's null hypotheses, whereas the mean and standard deviation are utilized to address research issues. The study's conclusions showed that students' academic performance is significantly impacted by indecent clothing, which, if left unchecked, tends to cause students to stray from their goals in postsecondary institutions. Male and female students' perceptions of indecent clothing on campus differ, with females tending to engage in more of it than males. The study comes to the conclusion that, if uncontrolled, inappropriate attire at postsecondary institutions might cause students to lose sight of their objectives.
Social Studies, Indecent Dressing, Academic Performance.
FORMATION OF STUDENTS’ COMPETENCE IN TEACHING MICROPROCESSOR DEVICES
In this article, in the formation of the competence of future engineers in the field of electric power in higher technical educational institutions, problem-based learning technology is used to realize students’ ability to draw logical, correct and scientific conclusions in their thinking.
Competence, practical skills, problem situation, characteristic of the problem, decision-making.
A MODEL FOR DEVELOPING LEARNING INDEPENDENCE ON THE BASIS OF AN INDIVIDUAL APPROACH AND ITS COMPONENTS
The article substantiates a structural-functional model for developing learning independence in students on the basis of an individual approach, and reveals its main components. Learning independence is understood as an integrative personal quality that unites the motivation, knowledge, skills and reflective abilities necessary for the independent mastery of educational content. The individual approach is regarded as the leading principle that allows the aim, content, tempo and measure of pedagogical support to be matched to the particular features of each learner. The proposed model comprises interconnected target, motivational-value, cognitive-content, operational-activity and reflective-evaluative components, together with the pedagogical conditions and the stages of their realisation. Criteria and levels for assessing the formation of learning independence are also described. The model provides a holistic basis for the purposeful development of learning independence in the educational process.
Learning independence, individual approach, individualisation, differentiation, structural-functional model, motivational-value component, cognitive-content component, operational-activity component, reflection, criteria and levels, pedagogical conditions.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH ON SUCCESS-ORIENTED APHORISMS
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of success-oriented aphorisms from contemporary linguistic and interdisciplinary perspectives. Particular attention is devoted to the conceptualization of success as a culturally conditioned cognitive phenomenon reflected in aphoristic discourse. The study explores the semantic, pragmatic, and linguocultural characteristics of aphorisms expressing the concept of success, emphasizing their communicative and persuasive functions in shaping individual and collective value systems. The research employs descriptive, comparative, cognitive-semantic, linguocultural, and discourse-analytical methods to investigate the linguistic representation of success in aphoristic expressions. The findings demonstrate that success-oriented aphorisms function not merely as concise rhetorical statements but also as carriers of cultural knowledge, ethical principles, and cognitive models that influence human perception, motivation, and behavior. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of aphorisms in preserving cultural memory, transmitting social experience, and constructing conceptual frameworks within different linguistic communities. The results contribute to the advancement of cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, paremiology, and discourse studies by providing a comprehensive methodological framework for the analysis of aphoristic texts and their conceptual-semantic organazation.
aphorisms, aphoristic discourse, concept of success, cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, paremiology, discourse analysis, cognitive semantics, pragmatics, conceptual analysis, linguistic worldview, intercultural communication.
METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR TEACHING ENGLISH SPORTS TERMINOLOGY TO STUDENTS OF SPORTS EDUCATION
The purpose of this paper is to examine the methodological foundations of teaching English sports terminology to students who are majoring in sports. In this article, the theoretical and methodological foundations of the 3D language methodology (Discover–Develop–Demonstrate) in the teaching of sports terminology are highlighted. Additionally, a system of exercises that is based on the integration of Discovery Learning, constructivist, and competency-based approaches, as well as the principles of Performance-Based Assessment and Project Presentation, has been developed. The technique that has been developed is designed to facilitate the gradual mastering of terminological units, the active use of these units in professional communication, and the development of students' terminological and communicative competence among students. It is possible to use the findings of the study as a scientific and methodological foundation for enhancing the methodology of teaching English to students who are professionally orientated in the field of sports and for raising the efficiency of teaching sports terminology.
ESP, CLIL, sports education, professional communicative competence, and exercise system are some of the keywords that are associated with the following: 3D language methodology, sports terminology, English language, professional terminological competence, Discovery Learning, constructivist approach, competency-based approach, Performance-Based Assessment, Project Presentation, and three-dimensional language methodology.
DEVELOPING ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS IN GERMAN AMONG ENGINEERING STUDENTS
In the context of the internationalization of higher education and increasing academic mobility, academic writing in a foreign language has become an essential component of professional training for future engineers. Particular attention should be paid to developing academic writing skills in German, as Germany remains one of the leading centers of scientific and technological innovation in Europe. The purpose of this study is to identify effective methodological approaches to developing academic writing skills in German among engineering students. The research employed pedagogical observation, analysis of students’ written assignments, questionnaires, and comparative analysis of learning outcomes. The findings demonstrate that stage-based instruction, a genre-oriented approach, and the integration of digital educational tools positively influence students’ academic writing performance.
Academic writing, German language, engineering education, professional communication, language competence, technical university, teaching methodology.
THE PLACE OF ANCIENT TURKIC STONE STATUES IN THE SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS OF UZBEK STATEHOOD
This article examines the place of ancient Turkic stone statues within the system of symbols of Uzbek statehood, based on a comprehensive historical-semiotic analysis. The study analyzes the political-ideological, religious-ritual, and legal-territorial significance of the stone statues, substantiating that they are not merely memorial monuments, but material expressions of the ideology of the Turkic Khaganate. It demonstrates the iconographic and ideological interconnections among stone statues, coins, and tamgas, which constituted the components of the symbolic system existing in the territory of Uzbekistan during the 6th–8th centuries AD.
Ancient Turkic stone statues, balbal, Uzbek statehood, political-ideological symbols, Turkic Khaganate, semantics, attributes of statehood, tamga, semiotics.
IMPACT OF HARMFUL AND HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
The rapid development of modern industry and production processes has led to the widespread use of various technologies, equipment, and chemical substances in enterprises, which poses significant risks to workers’ health and safety. This article analyses the classification, characteristics, and physiological effects of harmful and hazardous occupational factors on the human organism. The study covers physical factors (noise, vibration, radiation, temperature), chemical factors (toxic substances, acids, alkalis), biological factors (microorganisms, bacteria, viruses), and psychophysiological factors (physical overload, nervous tension, monotony). Special attention is given to the phenomena of cumulation, synergism, and combined effects of multiple factors. Modern monitoring technologies, including IoT-based smart safety systems, are examined. The article substantiates that timely identification and assessment of harmful factors, combined with the application of modern protective measures, is the fundamental condition for reducing occupational injuries and diseases, thereby ensuring safe working conditions.
Occupational safety, harmful factors, hazardous factors, noise, vibration, radiation, toxic substances, biological factors, psychophysiological factors, cumulation, monitoring, smart safety, industrial hygiene
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL LAWS OF THE PROCESS OF MASTERING EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS
This article extensively covers the psychological and pedagogical laws of the process of students' perception, understanding and assimilation of educational materials. The stages of the knowledge process, the role of will and attention in educational activities, and the deep cognitive mechanisms of the understanding process are analyzed. Also, the factors that ensure the intellectual development of students in the educational process are scientifically substantiated.
knowledge, understanding, assimilation, competence, educational process, attention, will, cognitive activity, psychology, pedagogy, methodology.
FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ CREATIVE ABILITIES DEVELOPMENT
This study analyzes the process of developing creative abilities in future primary school teachers from theoretical and practical perspectives. The research substantiates the significance of creative thinking, innovative pedagogical approaches, modern educational technologies, and their role in enhancing teachers’ professional competencies.
creativity, creative ability, creative thinking, innovative approach, pedagogical technology, creativity, reflection, competence, creative environment, methods, motivation, primary education, teacher training, modern education, integration.
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING PRАGMАTIC COMPETENCE IN TEАCHING ENGLISH (IN THE PROCESS OF LETTER WRITING)
This аrticle explores the methodology for developing prаgmаtic competence in teаching English, with а pаrticulаr focus on the process of letter writing. Prаgmаtic competence is considered а key component of communicаtive competence, enаbling leаrners to use lаnguаge аppropriаtely in different sociаl аnd contextuаl situаtions. The study аnаlyzes theoreticаl foundаtions of prаgmаtics, principles of teаching writing skills, аnd effective clаssroom strаtegies thаt enhаnce leаrners’ аbility to produce contextuаlly аppropriаte written communicаtion. Speciаl аttention is given to formаl аnd informаl letter writing аs аn effective pedаgogicаl tool for developing leаrners’ аwаreness of politeness strаtegies, speech аcts, discourse orgаnizаtion, аnd socio-culturаl norms of communicаtion. The аrticle аlso discusses tаsk-bаsed leаrning, genre-bаsed instruction, аnd communicаtive аpproаches аs effective methodologies for fostering prаgmаtic аwаreness in English lаnguаge teаching.
Prаgmаtic competence, English lаnguаge teаching, letter writing, communicаtive competence, discourse аnаlysis, speech аcts, politeness strаtegies, genre-bаsed аpproаch, tаsk-bаsed leаrning, writing skills development
GRAMMATICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTION WORDS
In this article, the grammatical features of the auxiliary, conjunction, and predicate, their differences, similarities, origin, and usage will be discussed.
Auxiliary groups of words, connecting, auxiliary, load, pure, target.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION
Assessment plays a crucial role in the educational process by providing information about students’ learning progress and academic achievement. Among various assessment methods, formative and summative assessments are the most widely used approaches in educational settings. While formative assessment focuses on monitoring learning during instruction and providing feedback for improvement, summative assessment evaluates students’ achievement at the end of a learning period. This article compares formative and summative assessment in terms of their objectives, characteristics, advantages, and influence on student learning. The study highlights the significance of balancing both assessment types to enhance educational effectiveness and promote student success.
Formative assessment, summative assessment, student learning, feedback, academic achievement, educational evaluation.
ARTISTIC DETAIL IN THE PROSE OF SERGEI DOVLATOV: FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC ASPECTS
This article examines the functional and semantic role of artistic detail in the prose of Sergei Dovlatov, one of the most distinctive representatives of late Soviet and émigré literature. Dovlatov’s narrative style is characterized by brevity, irony, psychological precision, and a deliberate focus on seemingly insignificant details that acquire symbolic and semantic depth within the literary text. The study analyzes how artistic detail functions as a structural, psychological, and ideological element in Dovlatov’s prose. Using textual and contextual analysis, the article explores selected works including The Suitcase, Compromise, and The Zone. The findings demonstrate that artistic details in Dovlatov’s prose serve not merely descriptive purposes but become instruments of characterization, irony, emotional expression, and sociocultural commentary.
Sergei Dovlatov, artistic detail, prose analysis, semantic function, narrative style, Russian literature, irony, literary poetics.
CRITICAL REALISM AND SATIRICAL POETICS IN 20TH-CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURE
This article explores the intricate relationship between critical realism and satirical poetics within 20th-century English literature. It argues that critical realism provides a robust epistemological foundation for understanding the underlying mechanisms of social reality, while satirical poetics offers a crucial aesthetic mode for critiquing and subverting these very structures. By examining key literary works, this study demonstrates how authors employed satire not merely for comedic effect but as a sophisticated tool to expose societal contradictions and ideological biases inherent in their contemporary world. Ultimately, the analysis reveals how this dual approach fostered a literature deeply engaged with both the diagnosis and the imaginative disruption of established norms.
Critical Realism, Satirical Poetics, 20th-Century Literature, English Literature, Social Critique, Literary Theory, Satire.
METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING ENGLISH TO STUDENTS OF THE “MECHATRONICS AND ROBOTICS” PROGRAM
This article examines the methodological features of teaching English to students enrolled in the “Mechatronics and Robotics” program within the context of modern technical education. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing role of English as a tool for professional communication, access to international scientific resources, and enhancement of the competitiveness of future engineering specialists. The study aims to identify the most effective methodological approaches to teaching English to students of technical specialties while considering the specific characteristics of their professional training. The paper analyzes contemporary educational technologies focused on developing professional communicative competence, integrating subject content with language instruction, and increasing students’ motivation. The findings indicate that the implementation of the communicative approach, Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), project-based learning, professionally oriented tasks, and digital educational resources contributes to improving students’ language proficiency and developing professional communication skills.
Teaching methodology, English language, mechatronics, robotics, professionally oriented instruction, CLIL, communicative approach, technical education, language competence, engineering education
NATIONAL AND GENRE-SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK DRAMA: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE (BASED ON THE WORKS OF RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN AND ERKIN VOHIDOV)
This article explores the national and genre-specific features of English and Uzbek drama through a comparative analysis of the works of Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Erkin Vohidov. The study examines the distinctive characteristics of both dramatic traditions, focusing on genre structure, conflict, characterization, and artistic style. The analysis reveals both similarities and differences in the representation of social and moral issues, reflecting the cultural and literary traditions of England and Uzbekistan. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of national literary identities and the development of comparative literary studies.
Drama, comparative literature, English drama, Uzbek drama, national identity, genre characteristics, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Erkin Vohidov, dramatic discourse, literary analysis, artistic representation, conflict, character system, comedy of manners, literary traditions.
STRUCTURAL FORMATION OF LEXICAL UNITS RELATED TO CALLIGRAPHY
The article analyzes the morphological and semantic formation of lexical units related to the art of calligraphy, the transformation of terms borrowed from Arabic and Persian into the Uzbek language, and their role in the cultural context. The research is conducted in accordance with IMRAD requirements, and calligraphy terms are extensively studied based on historical sources, dictionaries, and modern linguistic theories.
Calligraphy, lexical unit, morphology, semantics, nastaʿlīq, suls, linguistics, terminology.
Kiyomov Shohabboskhon Sharofiddin o‘g‘li
INTERACTIVE METHODS OF FORMING THE DIGITAL COMMUNICATION CULTURE OF FUTURE TEACHERS
The article provides a comprehensive study of the theoretical and practical aspects of forming a digital communication culture among future teachers in the higher pedagogical education system under conditions of global digitalization. The relevance of the research is determined by the necessity for modern educators to adhere to professional ethical standards in virtual spaces, apply emotional intelligence in cyber-communication, and organize efficient information exchange with students.
A COMPARATIVE PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS OF PERSUASION AND SUGGESTION IN RUSSIAN, CHINESE, AND UZBEK LINGUISTICS
This article examines theoretical and applied studies of speech acts of persuasion and suggestion in Russian, Chinese, and Uzbek linguistics. It analyzes major approaches to interpreting these communicative phenomena within pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, and linguocultural studies. Special attention is paid to cross-cultural differences in the realization of persuasion and suggestion strategies. The findings demonstrate that while these speech acts share universal features, their linguistic representation and pragmatic mechanisms vary significantly depending on the cultural context.
Speech act, persuasion, suggestion, pragmatics, linguoculture, discourse, communicative strategies.
LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS, CLASSIFICATION, AND NOMINATIVE PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH HYDRONYMS
Hydronyms constitute the most archaic and stable stratum of the English toponymic system. This paper investigates the linguistic characteristics, classification frameworks, and unique nominative behaviors of English water body names. Acting as “linguistic fossils” English hydronyms preserve ancient phonetic, morphological, and semantic structures despite centuries of language contact and replacement. Utilizing a diachronic and structural-semantic approach, the study classifies these hydronyms geographically, etymologically, and semantically.
Hydronymy, English onomastics, etymological stratification, retrograde derivation, toponymic tautology, semantic conservatism, linguistic fossils.
JUSTIFICATION OF FORMS AND METHODS FOR FORMING CONFLICT-FREE INTERACTION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
This article examines the substantiation and structure of forms and methods for forming non-conflict interaction among university students using university students as an example, and it is impossible to overestimate the role of education in today's conditions of "unstable development, diverse situations of uncertainty." One of the tasks of the Higher School is to teach students how to act in problematic, non-standard situations, which is carried out in the context of increasing societal demands for non-conflict interaction among university graduates.
Yu.K. Babansky's teaching method, I.P. Podlasiy's method, personality, personality, person, personification, curator, field theory.
PRAGMATIC EQUIVALENCE AND CULTURAL ADAPTATION IN LITERARY TRANSLATION: STRATEGIES FOR RENDERING REALIA
This article examines the challenges of achieving pragmatic equivalence in literary translation, focusing specifically on the translation of “realia” - words and expressions denoting culture-specific items, customs, and concepts. Since language is deeply intertwined with culture, transferring foreign cultural markers into a target text involves more than linguistic substitution; it requires cognitive and pragmatic adaptation. Through a systematic analysis of translation methodologies, this study evaluates the effectiveness of primary strategies such as foreignization and domestication. The findings indicate that while domestication enhances readability, foreignization preserves the cultural identity of the source text, suggesting that an integrated, context-dependent approach is essential for high-quality literary translation.
Literary translation, pragmatic equivalence, realia, cultural adaptation, domestication, foreignization
DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES IN THE ENGLISH CLASSROOM
This article examines how communicative activities in English language classes can foster speaking proficiency. It explores the impact of activities such as pair work, group discussions, role-playing, and open speaking exercises on enhancing students' oral abilities. Furthermore, the paper contrasts traditional teaching methods with communicative approaches, explaining the greater effectiveness of communicative techniques in boosting classroom engagement. The research indicates that communicative tasks contribute to learners developing increased self-assurance, participation, and autonomy when speaking English.
Speaking skills, communicative activities, English classroom, communicative competence, pair work, role play, group discussion